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In the Gotic novel the setting is often supernatural and is linked to the characters in a relationship of mutual influence: dark abbeys, gloomy castles, haunted rooms are the perfect place for the awful and terrifying Gotic characters. Even the scenes of natural beauty inspire mistery and awe, upsetting the human nature. Great examples are the descriptions of the castle by H. Walpole ("The Castle of Otranto") and the Mont Blanc by M. Shelley ("Frankenstein").

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A sort of pleasure for terror linked to the concept of sublime

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A sort of pleasure for terror linked to the concept of sublime

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The most important events of a Gotic novel take place during night. The darkness is a powerful element used to create an atmosphere of gloom, oppression and mystery,  which is perceived as hostile and frightening by the characters, who feel a sort of pleasure for terror, like Emily of A. Radcliffe in "The Mysteries of Udolpho". All this must be linked to the Sublime, whose major feature was the aesthetic experience of terror described by Burke in his "Philosophical Enquiry".

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It is this peculiar connection between setting and characters that create the suspense in the reader who, through internal point of view, know that something of dangerous is going to happen. Gothic writers often postpointed the explanation of mysterious elements in order to increase suspense and shock the readers. Also sir Walter Scott used this type of setting, but his aim was to offer a realistic vision of the past of his country

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Gothic writers chose vocabulary capable of evoking anxiety, fear or horror. Here are the most common used words: ghost, infernal, magic, secret (for mystery), fearing, frightened, horror, scared, tears (for fear, terror and sorrow), alarm, shocking (for surprise), anxious, running, suddenly (for Haste), furious, rage (for Anger), enormous, large, vast (for largeness). They used also metonymy, a figure of speech in which something (like rain) is used to stand for another (like sorrow).

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The flat characters are also called “types”, they are built around a single psychological trait or quality. They do not develop during the story, even if they experience different situations. Their importance is linked to create a particular atmosphere. The writer can describe them with a few lines.

An example of flat characters is Mrs Bennet in Pride and Prejudice of Jane Austen. Whatever she does and wherever she goes, she remains the same.

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The round characters are more complex then flat characters, and have more then one facet, like human beigns. The readers remember them throughout the scenes. They pass in different situations and change their choices and behaviours. An example of round characters is Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, when she says "Till this moment, I never knew myself".

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Edward Morgan Forster in his work Aspects of the Novel (1927) introduced the distinction between flat and round characters. We need to understand the features and the fuctions of flat or round characters during the analysis of the text.

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Another important analysis is to understand the point of view from which the story is told. There is often difference between the narrator voice and the point of view. The perspective of a description or of a particular situation, can be owed by the external narrator or by a character. Narrative voice and point of view do not always coincide. The narrative voice belongs to an internal or external narrator. The point of view regards the person who, inside the story, see the facts, thinks and judges. The point of view can be fixed and restricted or it often changes, passing from the characters to narrator and the other way around as often happens in modern fiction (Lawrence and Virginia Woolf in the Modern Age).

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1)A Novel is a tale told by the novelist. He tells his vision of reality to the reader.
2) A Novel is a tale telling the story ( a fairy tale in Aristotele's opinioni).
3) A Novel is a fictious telling a fictional events  and the narrative fiction Is the narration a succession of a fictional events.

A narration Is the act of telling or writing, but also a comunicative proccess( and a verbale/writer rappresentation).
A text is a verbal rapresentation of events than the story Is a succession of the events

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The short story differs to the Novel especially for the length. Edgar Allan Poe Was the first theorist in the genre in “The Philosophy of composition” he explained his approach. His first consideration was the extent, in the Short Story everything revolves around a single impression. The next thought concerned the choise of an impression to be conveyed, the next question referred to the tone, melancholy is this the most legittimate of all the poetical tones. Then he looked for something that might serve as the ‘key-note’ some pivot upon which the whole structure might turn.

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In other words, the Short Story typically limits itself to a brief span of time, and rather than showing it’s characters developing and maturing, it shows them at some revealing moments of crisis. The Short-story writers will due a key-note to elicit the reader’s cuoriosity and interest.

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Short stories rarily have complex plots;the focus is on a particular episode or situation rather than a chain of events. The plot follows a regular pattern:

- introduction of setting and of characters;

- the key note (for example an incident, a crisis, an animal or an object) arouses reader's interest and lets the story develop.

- the climax comes unexpected and creates surprise in the reader

- the conclusion can be vary: there can be a change or a return as regards the initial situation, the solution of the conflicts, the achievement of the character's aim, his failure or even death, or it can be an open conclusion.

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1) The novel is a tale told by the novelist. He tells his vision of reality to the reader.
2) The novel is a tale telling the story (a fairy tale in Aristotele's opinion).
3) The novel is a fictious telling of fictional events and the narrative fiction is the narration of a succession of fictional events.
4) The narration is the act of telling or writing, but also a comunicative proccess (and a verbal/writed representation).
5) The text is a verbal representation of events while the story is the succession of the events.
6) The plot is more specific than a story. It's the editing of a novel and it can be plan or complex.
7) The addresser is who sends a message, while the addressee is who receives the message. The message is the verbal medium.