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Known as the "Stone Age." Lasted 2.5 million years.

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The Big Bang Theory explains how the universe began.

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Real People

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Standing or walking on two feet

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People who hunt, fish and gather plants.

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Traditions in a specific place

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Rich fertile soil along the Tigris and Euphrates river.

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someone who travels from place to place

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was the first paper, made from the papyrus reeds found in the Nile

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a two wheeled horse vehicle used in war and racing

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politicians and government officials

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Rights given by god to rule

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societies nobles are granted lands by a king in exchange for military service and taxation

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first agricultural revolution

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Permanent Settlements

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series of leaders in the same family

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282 laws with scaled punishments

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first settled and stable communities

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Pharaoh = god

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Language, fire, wood and stone tools

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to give one thing in exchange for another

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is a city that works the same way as a state

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the belief in or worship of more than one god

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the doctrine or belief that there is only one God

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people at different ranks

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land capable for producing crops, mostly for farming

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a group of people who settle in a new place

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when a king or queen that rules a kingdom or empire

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places power in the hands of a small privileged ruling class

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power is in the hands of a small amount of people

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voted on issues directly

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a Greek alliance headed by Athens that opposed Persia

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perfect manifestation of classical Greek society on the battlefield
(middle-men who had day jobs)

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a very powerful and influential nation

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someone who murders an important person for political or religious reasons

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a soldier hired into foreign service

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increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money

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after the fall of the Republic peace reigned in the empire

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a group of states or countries under a single supreme authority usually an emperor or empress

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a change in global or regional climate patterns

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used for storing and carrying goods

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a common language spoken to people whose native languages are different (often used in trade)

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historical period that lasted from the fall of Rome to the 15th century
500-1500 CE

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the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church

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traveled to Rome to fight a mob that attacked the Pope

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non-Christians, that worshiped warlike gods

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appeared where Kings gave land to nobility in return for service

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granted land to knights in exchange for service

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reputation or influence arising from success, achievement, rank, or other favorable attributes

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landless peasants that worked the land, were paid with food and could not lawfully leave their place of birth

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the basic economic arrangement

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a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor

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branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock

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pastoralists that lived on the asian steppe

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a large belt of dry grasslands

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a group of people descended from a common ancestor

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united all the clans of the Mongols

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enemy typically overmatches the attacking force to the point where sustained combat is to be avoided

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims

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were allowed free movement and Marco Polo took his historic trip to China

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capital city of the Roman Empire

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the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations

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the codified laws of the ere

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were designed to survive sustained siege and had huge food and water stores

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a military blockade of a city or fortified place to compel it to surrender

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beliefs and practices of numerous Christian denominations

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political leader of the community

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Islamic sacred book

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Muslim leaders extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews

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a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam

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a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs

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which greatly decreased the time to copy books and other document

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his was mostly used in the form of early grenades

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

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protected the eastern Mediterranean

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local army garrisons whose commander administered towns

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when the Christian Church split

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greatly depopulated the country, no people no soldiers

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a member of a group of loyal or subservient troops, officials, or supporters

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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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buying and selling of church offices

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convince the toughest of Kings

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a 10% church tax on every Catholic family

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issued the first crusade shortly after, 300 years of religious warfare followed

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leader of Muslim tribes

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refers to the defeat of the Moors, or Muslims, in Spain in 1492 by the Christians

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A special court was assembled and anyone not Christian was gathered and punished

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Rebirth of Europe

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The children of merchants and other artisans attended to obtain jobs in government and the Catholic Church

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a huge stepping stone to widespread literacy

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fields were planted and the other lay fallow every year. Produced more food per acre

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set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions

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Wrote the book, The Prince, based on the life of Cesare Borgia and his role in the Italian Wars

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papers sold by the church to free loved ones from purgatory

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making a clean break from the Roman Catholic Church and the pope's authority

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God knows who will be saved and this is predetermined at birth

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sweeping decrees on self-reform and for its dogmatic definitions that clarified virtually every doctrine contested by the Protestants

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creation of a European economy based on trade

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period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe

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use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war