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Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm, first uncovered in 2010. Thought to have been in development since at least 2005, Stuxnet targets SCADA systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to Iran's nuclear program. Although neither country has openly admitted responsibility, the worm is believed to be a jointly built American/Israeli cyberweapon.

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Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.

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a person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data.

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a person who informs on a person or organization engaged in an illicit activity.

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Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means.

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There is no guarantee that once the blackmail demand is met, there will not be further demands, or that the criminal will not post the video anyway. The consequences can range from embarrassment to humiliation and in extreme cases, have resulted in self-harm of even victims taking their own lives. Males and females of any age, anywhere, can become victims.

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a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

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The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.

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The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO₂ emissions have predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012)[4] to the Protocol.

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Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years.

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Renewable energy is energy that is collected fromrenewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

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a wasting disease, especially pulmonary tuberculosis.

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International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states or organizations either to protect national security interests, or to protect international law, and defend against threats to international peace and security.

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the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.

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the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.

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The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with domestic and foreign allies, and various domestic and foreign forces opposing both the Syrian government and each other in varying combinations.

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States.

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conformity to the law or to rules.

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A resurgent and virulent politics of nationalism is on the march in many parts of the world (US, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Philippines, etc.)

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Religious fundamentalism refers to the belief of an individual or a group of individuals in the absolute authority of a sacred religious text or teachings of a particular religious leader, prophet,and/ or God .

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the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

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a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority.

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An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

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Liberalism is a school of thought within international relations theory which can be thought to revolve around three interrelated principles: Rejection of power politics as the only possible outcome

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Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama is an American political scientist, political economist, and author.

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is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.

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was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s and 1990s and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.

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a Soviet policy permitting open discussion of political and social issues and freer dissemination of news and information

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Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars Program)

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Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars Program)

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was a program first initiated on March 23, 1983 under President Ronald Reagan.

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The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

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was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. It involved either one or two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.

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was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. He was also Prime Minister (1945–1955) and President (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).

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was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missiledeployment in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[2]

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was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961.

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was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea(with the support of the United Nations, with the principal support from the United States (US)).

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was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962. The campaign was led by Chairman Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization.

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was the third country (after America and the Soviet Union) to develop and test nuclear weapons, and is one of the five nuclear-weapon states under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

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was a theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s that posited that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effec

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is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is loosely related to the term cordon sanitaire which was later used to describe the geopolitical containment of the Soviet Union in the 1940s.

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was a collective defencetreaty signed in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet Union and seven Eastern Bloc satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.

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A puppet state is a country that is officially independent, but not in practice.

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was the name for the non physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.

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The Bretton Woods Agreement, negotiated in July 1944, established a new international monetary system

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is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN),[1] charged with ensuring international peace and security,[2] accepting new members to the United Nations[3] and approving any changes to its charter.

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is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-operation and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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was an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion

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Local civilian authorities did continue to establish and manage forced-labor camps and detention campsthroughout Germany.

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is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.

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was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by local collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews—around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe—between 1941 and 1945.

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a bomb whose violent explosive power is due to the sudden release of energy resulting from the splitting of nuclei of a heavy chemical element (such as plutonium or uranium) by neutrons in a very rapid chain reaction

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the military strategy, used by the Allies in World War II, of concentrating on Japanese islands which were not well defended

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were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.

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is a method of warfare whereby an attacking force, spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorised or mechanised infantry formations with close air support, breaks through the opponent's line of defence by short, fast, powerful attacks and then dislocates the defenders, using speed and surprise to encircle them with the help of air superiority.

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in an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.

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was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu.

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is a form of radical, right-wing, authoritarian ultranationalism,[1][2][3][4] characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy,[5] which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Inflation means that the general level of prices is going up, the opposite of deflation.

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was the great economic crisis that started after the U.S. stock market crash in 1929.

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was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule.[4]Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

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also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which he ruled as the President of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism.

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was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.

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The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

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The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.

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The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note orZimmerman Cable) was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico.

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a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

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Anxious at the prospect of being surrounded by potential enemies (as you know, Germany's sort of surrounded by France and Russia), Germany formed her own alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, known as the Triple alliance. They were also referred to as the Central Powers.

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The Balkans, also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various definitions and meanings, including geopolitical and historical.

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Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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Opium Wars, two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1911/12.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally. It was used mainly to mediate the competing interests of different colonial powers in China. In more recent times, the term 'Open Door policy' also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open up China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. This later policy set into motion the economic transformation of modern China.[1]

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The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

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The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonisation of African territory by Western European powers during the period of the New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.

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a bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark, used as a tonic and formerly as an antimalarial drug.

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an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

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a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

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Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and competitive markets.

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Free trade is a policy to eliminate discrimination against imports and exports.

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Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demandrelationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer.

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Competition is also the activity of a sport in which each of the people or teams is trying to win, or a particular event at which this activity happens: [ U ] Few of the players on the team were experienced in internationalcompetition.

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Self-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self.

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that an individual possesses: enter contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets and pay taxes.

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a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.

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was the first practical steam engine and was one of the driving forces of the industrial revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically from 1763 to 1775 with support from Matthew Boulton. Watt's design saved significantly more fuel compared to earlier designs that they were licensed based on the amount of fuel they would save. Watt never ceased developing the steam engine, introducing double-acting designs (with two cylinders) and various systems for taking off rotary power. Watt's design became synonymous with steam engines, and it was many years before significantly new designs began to replace the basic Watt design.

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The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. They are the inputs needed for supply. They produce all the goods and services in an economy. That's measured by gross domestic product.

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a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

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Eugenics (/juːˈdʒɛnɪks/; from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin')[2][3] is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population by excluding (through a variety of morally criticized means) certain genetic groups judged to be inferior, and promoting other genetic groups judged to be superior.

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Crop rotation is a planned sequence of growing different crops in the same field.

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Karl Marx[14] (German: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈmaɐ̯ks];[15][16] 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.

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Adam Smith (16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, who is called the Father of Modern Economics.

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The Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

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The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.

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the state of being a slave.

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François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ] 9 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance.

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The Congress of Vienna, also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.