# data[].attributes.body
The tests may involve oral administration or application to the skin or eyes. The experiments vary some animals ingest food whereas some are tested on the skin.

# data[].attributes.body
Lol just don't test on animals- that's the alternative.
The companies can ask for human volunteers, I am sure there's many people who would rather test humans than animals.
Apparently, according to a website that has .gov at the end (must be reliable) an alternative is to use computer simulations/ using non- living system.
Can always use plants or something similar that has cells and no feelings.
Microbiological systems are an alternative so like it is based on the capability of chemicals to induce mutating changes in a cell's DNA. So like I'm am guessing you get like samples of people's cells or something like that.
Scientists have developed a human neuronal model cell line which have a similar structure to brain cells; this can be utilized for study of degeneration, mechanism and efficiency of d.r.u.g.s. So like you can use that for an alternative to testing d.r.u.g.s on animals.

# data[].attributes.body
Use dummy's for weapon testing
Computer generated tests
Computer models

# data[].attributes.headline
why are animals used for experiments in military establishments

# data[].attributes.subject
why are animals used for experiments in military establishments

# data[].attributes.body
the military performs testing on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of new medicinal. This is for the soldiers to learn what to take and not to take for pain relief if injured.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pros and cons of the use of animals in the field.

# data[].attributes.subject
Pros and cons of the use of animals in the field.

# data[].attributes.body
Pros
- Helps researchers to find d.rugs and treatments.
- Improves human health.
- Helps ensure safety of d.rugs.
Cons
- Animals can be killed or injured.
- Animals and humans are not exactly the same so it could have a different affect on them than humans.
- Can be expensive.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why and how animals are used for pharmaceutical testing.

# data[].attributes.subject
Why and how animals are used for pharmaceutical testing.

# data[].attributes.body
There are many reasons for animals being used in pharmaceutical testing, but the most obvious reason is to determine weather the d.rug is "safe" and successful, ready for individuals to use. in order for professionals to decide weather a d,rug is safe they need to investigate how the compound is broken down/metabolized by the chosen subjects liver into other byproducts known as metabolites. These metabolites can often build up in ones system over a short period of using the d.rug, this normally causes serious and life threatening problems.

# data[].attributes.body
Inhumane Treatment:
-Animals are routinely force fed.

Lack of Applicability:
- One of the leading arguments is that it a waste of scientific energy and resources.
-Tests can often be unreliable.

# data[].attributes.body
Animals offer experimental models that would be impossible to replicate using human subjects.
Some animals have biological similarities to humans.
Many diseases that affect humans also affect other mammals but they do not occur in insects, plants or bacteria.

# data[].attributes.body
It Uses Animals Similar To Humans:
-People and animals are biologically similar, having the same set of organs, central nervous system and blood stream which is why both are virtually affected by the same health conditions and diseases.

# data[].attributes.body
organ of chips that contain human cells grown in a state-of-the-art system to mimic the structure and function of human organs and organ systems. or Quantitative structure-activity relationships  are computer-based techniques that can replace animal tests by making sophisticated estimates of a substance’s likelihood of being hazardous, based on its similarity to existing substances and our knowledge of human biology. or A method called micro-dosing can provide vital information on the safety of an experimental drug and how it is metabolized in humans prior to large-scale human trials. Volunteers are given an extremely small one-time drug dose, and sophisticated imaging techniques are used to monitor how the drug behaves in the body.

# data[].attributes.body
Pros
1)They allow for vaccines and new weapons to be made.
2)They improve the surgical techniques.
3)The military can use animals to predict how something will wound and effect a human if they come in contact with chemicals or an explosion.

Cons
1)The animals may be killed or kept in small areas.
2)They could be using for surgery practice and something could go wrong causing harm or death to the animals.
3)The animals are harmed with chemicals giving them burns and they are used in explosions causing all sorts of harmful wounds.

# data[].attributes.body
animals are typically used to test for skin and eye irritation, this involves rubbing the product/chemical into the skin or eye of the animal, usually a rabbit and waiting to see the results.
animals may also be force fed products to determine how much can be consumed before illness occurs.
Some animals may also have to endure the 'Lethal Dose', this determines the amount of product that causes death.

# data[].attributes.body
they are used to test products such as skin and eye irratation this means they rub the product/chemical into the skin or the eye

# data[].attributes.body
they are used to test products such as skin and eye irratation this means they rub the product/chemical into the skin

# data[].attributes.body
they are used to test products such as skin and eye irratation this means they rub the product/chemical into the skin

# data[].attributes.body
they are used to test products such as skin and eye irratation this means they rub the product/chemical into thw

# data[].attributes.body
they are used to test products such as skin and eye irratatio

# data[].attributes.body
they are used to test products

# data[].attributes.body
cons:
it can lead to death of animals
some animals are killed straight away
it poses inhumane treatment
it performs tests that are not necessary
it costs alot of money
it passes 🤬 that are not necessarily safe
these tests cause severe allergic reactions to the animals
can lead to liver problems, swollen eyelids, ulceration and bleeding
pros:
protects health of humans

# data[].attributes.body
cons:
it can lead to death of animals

# data[].attributes.body
-Minimum of eight healthy adult dogs at least one year of age

test runs a minimum of 26 weeks

the diet must be the sole source of nutrition.

-Daily food consumption recorded

body weight measured weekly.

-Blood parameters measured are: hemoglobin, packed cell volume, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase (a liver enzyme).

# data[].attributes.headline
how are the animals used in human experimentation in the military   Establishments

# data[].attributes.subject
how are the animals used in human experimentation in the military   Establishments

# data[].attributes.body
the military use animal testing to test the effects of weapons such as exposing them to nerve agents and gases or inducing chemical burns. in the field the military are prone to variety of disease that can be extremely contagious. animal testing allows the military to find vaccines to prevent catching these possible deadly disease. besides this, animals are used to improve surgical techniques and methods to stop bleeding. this is one of the main controversial topics as most animals are live when the surgery take place.

# data[].attributes.headline
Alternatives to using animals for research. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Alternatives to using animals for research. 

# data[].attributes.body
Stem cell and genetic testing.
Microdosing.
Computer models and simulations.
Virtual drug trials.
Computerized patient-drug databases.
non-invasive imaging- MRIs, CT scans.

# data[].attributes.headline
pros of using animals in medical schools:

# data[].attributes.subject
pros of using animals in medical schools:

# data[].attributes.body
animal testing has contributed to many life saving cures and treatments, there are no sustainable alternatives to testing on animals as there are no oher living body systems we can use for experimentation, animals are appropriate research specimins as they have similar body structures to ours. it helps students to get there medical degrees and understand more what happens to different bodies.

# data[].attributes.headline
pros of using animals in medical schools:

# data[].attributes.subject
pros of using animals in medical schools:

# data[].attributes.headline
pros of using animals in medical schools

# data[].attributes.subject
pros of using animals in medical schools

# data[].attributes.headline
cons on using animals in medical schools:

# data[].attributes.subject
cons on using animals in medical schools:

# data[].attributes.body
animal testing is cruel and inhuman because it can sometimes go wrong and can have a bad reaction from the animals casuing them to be in pain, suffering and they could possibly die, alternative testing methods have come into lght which can replace the ened for animal testing, animals can have very different structures which makes experimenting on them pointless as it can effect animals differently from humans.