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( On basis of the geographical area )

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PAN known as Personal Area Network is a computer network that we utilise at home or for our personal purposes. This network usually has a range of about 10 metres (about 30 feet).It is a small network that is used for connecting devices that are closed to each other such as smart phones, tablets and laptops. It uses both wire and wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, USB cable , Infrared technologies, Fire wire etc. It is generally used for transferring small files such as musics, photos, calendar appointments and so on.

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A Local Area Network ( LAN ) is a computer and device network that links computers and devices in a limited geographical area, such as a home, school, computer lab, office building, or group of buildings. The distance between these computers is normally between 100 and 300 meters. A LAN can have minimum 2 and maximum 1000 computers. LANs can be wired or wireless and can work with cables and hubs.

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Can stands for cluster area network and campus area network, respectively. A can is a network that consists of a number of small LANs connected together in a small space. A CAN could, for example, be a university with numerous buildings in the same geographical region that are linked to form a wider network. As a result, these buildings might represent separate departments on a university's campus, each with its own LAN in its department. The buildings are then linked together to form a campus area network.

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MAN known as metropolitan area network is made up combination of two or more than two LANS. It is an interconnection of network in city. As it spans hundreds of kilometers in the city, it is referred to as metropolitan. There is moderate rate of data transfer. It uses telecommunication media. Branch offices are linked to head offices through MAN.

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A wide area network (WAN) connects multiple locations across a broad geographic area, such as an entire city, region, country, or even the entire world. Multiple LANs, CANs, and MANs make up a WAN. WANs use fiber optic cables and microwaves to share data and resources. It is a network that allows for long-distance data, voice, image, and video transmission over a vast geographical area. The largest sort of network is a WAN. The internet is the largest WAN in the planet.

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Let's take a close look at these networking devices:

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A modem is a device that allows you to connect your computer to the internet using existing telephone lines. To offer you access to the internet, a modem establishes and maintains a dedicated connection with your internet service provider. The modem converts digital signal to analog signal and at the receiving end it convert back analog signal to digital signal. Internal and external modems are the two types of modems accessible.

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A hub is a type of networking device which uses cables to connect many computers and computing devices to a network. All data sent to the HUB is automatically sent to each port and device. A port is the term referring to each connection. A fiber optic cable is used to connect the devices.  HUBs are commonly used to connect computers in a local area network (LAN).

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A switch is a type of networking device that connects many devices in a network. However, the switch only sends messages to the computers that are intended to receive them. They're similar to hubs, but they're more powerful. Switches, rather than hubs, are required when a network has a high number of devices in order to maintain the speed of communication between them. A switch, unlike a hub, is aware of the addresses given to each of its ports and transmits all incoming data to the correct port.

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A repeater is a device that regenerates a signal in a communication network and can amplify weak signals. It receives and cleans electronic signals. When signals are sent across great distances, they tend to distort. . A repeater is needed to allow the signal to travel a greater distance with the same strength at higher power. It can be found in both wired and wireless applications.

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Routers are network devices that serve as traffic controllers. It connects to both a LAN and a WAN network. It provides connectivity between two different types of networks. A router is essentially a gateway to your network. It is extremely important for traffic control and network efficiency. It determines the most efficient path for data packets to be transferred to the recipient’s end. It's a switch-like device that directs data packets according to their IP address.

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A gateway also known as packet converter is a network device that joins two networks that use separate protocols. Even though it is a LAN network, it allows us to transmit and receive data over the internet. It also serves as a connection point between two networks that are not of same type. It essentially functions as a messenger agent, taking data from one system, interpreting it, and transferring it to another.

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A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the source and destination. It is also used in interconnecting two LANs that utilize same protocol and allows them to communicate with one another. A bridge is a network device that divides a LAN into multiple sections. It sends data to each node, such as the HUB and repeater. It also minimizes congestion by preventing needless traffic from entering the network.

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A protocol is a "collection of rules" that is used to connect and share data across network devices in digital communication. Protocols are essential because without 'standards' controlling how we communicate and how our machines operate, we would never be able to communicate globally.

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HTTP, called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, controls how different types of information [text, photos, music, video, and other multimedia files] are transported from the internet to your screen. When we enter something into the address bar of our browser, it brings up that website. In addition, this protocol specifies how web servers and browsers should respond to specific commands.

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FTP is the abbreviation for file transfer protocol. It's used to transfer files back and forth from a server to a client system. The TCP\IP protocol is used to transport data. It creates a command channel for control of the transmission and a data channel for data transmission. A web server or a remote host over the internet can be used as the source. FTP allows a client to upload, download, delete, relocate, and rename files on a server. The user can drag and drop files between the remote and local hosts using FTP software.

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The two most popular Internet standard protocols for retrieving e-mails are IMAP (Internet message across protocol) and POP (Post office protocol). TCP\IP is used by SMTP, IMAP, and POP to communicate.