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Rocks have minerals. Some rocks only have one mineral.

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I have lots of Chrystal’s so tomorrow I can show Siembieda  and mr. Stevenson’s class

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I never new we used fluorite to make our teeth stronger! I heard Egyptians put eggshells with rock to make toothpaste. I wonder how they get the metal out of rocks too.

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I can tell why it’s called “Elephant Arch” because from this angle it looks like an elephant. The lava probably cooled over a round rock and did not stick all the way to it so the big rock fell and there was only lava rock left. I wonder if as it shaped the wind would curve around the spire and shape it over time. The rain could have run down it and hit it hard.

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I wonder what the difference between a mineral and a crystal is. I wonder if that geode was from a tree root and the three was next to water so that’s how it formed. Interesting how time and place change the size of a cooling crystal. Under ground it takes longer but makes more. Above ground it takes shorter but makes less. I think, That crystals form minerals in shape by kind of being a part of it or kind of “wrapping” around the mineral the form shape.

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Rocks change and form over years, maybe this happens from melting, other rocks cooling on it, tumbling down a hill, and being under ground for a very very very very very very long time. Are atoms big, or are they actually just small and the rest is just mineral material?

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some rocks take millions of years to change.

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some minerals like diamond and gold have one atom.

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large crystals form when rock cools slowly from underground.

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the oldest rock was formed more than 4 billion years ago.

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I never knew that buildings were made out of rocks

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Minerals are cool because they can be diamond and gold and more cool rocks.

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Crystals are smooth.

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Rocks are made of minerals.

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Quarts is very common.

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Rocks are old.

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Minerals are in toothpaste.

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Some rocks are changing and forming. They will continue to change over time.

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Minerals are made up of particles called ATOMS

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Large crystals form when rock cools slowly underground.

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I learned that in some rocks are made out of different kinds of minerals.

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The oldest rock was formed over 4 billion years ago. That’s an old rock!

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Some foods you eat are made of some minerals.

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rocks are made of lots of different minerals some rocks have one mineral.

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minerals are colorful some can be smooth & rough.

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Crystal are normally smooth but some are rough.

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the oldest rock in the world is 4 billion years old. that is really old

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people ware rocks we also eat rocks.

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crystals are very shiny and rare to find

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Over the years rocks can change. They can get harder or softer.

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I never knew that we brush our teeth with fluorite.

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Some rocks are smooth wile others are rough.

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Quartz is the most common mineral found on earth,

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metals found in minerals are used to make soda cans and cars

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Most rocks are made up of two or more materials

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Quartz is the most common mineral

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Geodes form over thousands of years.

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The oldest rock was formed 4 billion years ago. It is in Canada.

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Minerals from rock are used for many things like building cars, are even tooth paste, and drinking water

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Quartz is the most common mineral on Earth.

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Metals from minerals are used to make toasters.

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Rocks com in different shapes sizes and textures.

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Crystals are found inside of minerals.

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Rock are made of one or more minerals. There is no rock that does not have a mineral inside of it.

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In Arizona and Utah you can find red sand stone!

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A diamond or gold can be made of only one atom even if its big or strong.

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quartz is the most common mineral on Earth.

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Quartz is very common but you don't realize it but you might even have seen quartz in your rock before.

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Rare minerals are used to make beautiful jewelry.

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over time rocks form and get harder and softer.

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rocks take several years to form.

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scientist found more than 4,000 minerals so far.

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Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica ( silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO ₄ silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of . Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar.

Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.

There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings, especially in Europe and Asia.

Quartz is the mineral defining the value of 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, a qualitative scratch method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion.

The word "quartz" is derived from the German word Quarz, which had the same form in the first half of the 14th century in Middle High German and in East Central German and which came from the Polish dialect term , which corresponds to the Czech term tvrdý ("hard"). Some sources, however, attribute the word's origin to the Saxon word Querkluftertz, meaning cross-vein ore.

The Ancient Greeks referred to quartz as κρύσταλλος ( krustallos) derived from the Ancient Greek ( kruos) meaning "icy cold", because some philosophers (including Theophrastus) understood the mineral to be a form of supercooled ice. Today, the term rock crystal is sometimes used as an alternative name for transparent coarsely crystalline quartz.

Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder believed quartz to be water ice, permanently frozen after great lengths of time. He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands. This idea persisted until at least the 17th century. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a spectrum.

In the 17th century, Nicolas Steno's study of quartz paved the way for modern crystallography. He discovered that regardless of a quartz crystal's size or shape, its long prism faces always joined at a perfect 60° angle.

Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system at room temperature, and to the hexagonal crystal system above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramid-like rhombohedrons at each end. In nature, quartz crystals are often twinned (with twin right-handed and left-handed quartz crystals), distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear massive.

Well-formed crystals typically form as a druse (a layer of crystals lining a void), of which quartz geodes are particularly fine examples. The crystals are attached at one end to the enclosing rock, and only one termination pyramid is present. However, doubly terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without attachment, for instance, within gypsum.

α-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, space group P3 ₁21 or P3 ₂21 (space group 152 or 154 resp.) depending on the chirality. Above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F), α-quartz in P3 ₁21 becomes the more symmetric hexagonal P6 ₄22 (space group 181), and α-quartz in P3 ₂21 goes to space group P6 ₂ 22 (no. 180).

These space groups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both α-quartz and β-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structures composed of achiral building blocks (SiO ₄ tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between α- and β-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, without a change in the way they are linked. However, there is a significant change in volume during this transition,[clarification needed ] and this can result in significant microfracturing in ceramics and in rocks of the Earth's crust.

Varieties (according to microstructure)

Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Color is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties.

Type

Color and description

Transparency

Rock crystal

Colorless

Transparent

Chalcedony
Fibrous, variously translucent, cryptocrystalline quartz occurring in many varieties.
The term is often used for white, cloudy, or lightly colored material intergrown with moganite.
Otherwise more specific names are used.

Aventurine
Quartz with tiny aligned inclusions (usually mica) that shimmer with aventurescence

Translucent to opaque

Dumortierite quartz

Contains large amounts of blue dumortierite crystals

Translucent

Varieties (according to color)

Quartz crystal demonstrating transparency

Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and transparent or translucent and has often been used for hardstone carvings, such as the Lothair Crystal. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others. These color differentiations arise from the presence of impurities which change the molecular orbitals, causing some electronic transitions to take place in the visible spectrum causing colors.

The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macrocrystalline (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline varieties ( aggregates of crystals visible only under high magnification). The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its monoclinic polymorph moganite. Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks including quartz, often including contrasting bands or patterns of color, are agate, carnelian or sard, onyx, heliotrope, and jasper.

Amethyst is a form of quartz that ranges from a bright vivid violet to a dark or dull lavender shade. The world's largest deposits of amethysts can be found in Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, and Morocco. Sometimes amethyst and citrine are found growing in the same crystal. It is then referred to as ametrine. Amethyst derives its color from traces of iron in its structure.

Blue quartz contains inclusions of fibrous magnesio-riebeckite or crocidolite.

Inclusions of the mineral dumortierite within quartz pieces often result in silky-appearing splotches with a blue hue. Shades of purple or grey sometimes also are present. "Dumortierite quartz" (sometimes called "blue quartz") will sometimes feature contrasting light and dark color zones across the material. "Blue quartz" is a minor gemstone.

Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from pale yellow to brown due to a submicroscopic distribution of colloidal ferric hydroxide impurities. Natural citrines are rare; most commercial citrines are heat-treated amethysts or smoky quartzes. However, a heat-treated amethyst will have small lines in the crystal, as opposed to a natural citrine's cloudy or smoky appearance. It is nearly impossible to differentiate between cut citrine and yellow topaz visually, but they differ in hardness. Brazil is the leading producer of citrine, with much of its production coming from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The name is derived from the Latin word citrina which means "yellow" and is also the origin of the word " citron". Sometimes citrine and amethyst can be found together in the same crystal, which is then referred to as ametrine. Citrine has been referred to as the "merchant's stone" or "money stone", due to a superstition that it would bring prosperity.

Citrine was first appreciated as a golden-yellow gemstone in Greece between 300 and 150 BC, during the Hellenistic Age. Yellow quartz was used prior to that to decorate jewelry and tools but it was not highly sought after.

Milk quartz or milky quartz is the most common variety of crystalline quartz. The white color is caused by minute fluid inclusions of gas, liquid, or both, trapped during crystal formation, making it of little value for optical and quality gemstone applications.

Rose quartz is a type of quartz that exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. The color is usually considered as due to trace amounts of titanium, iron, or manganese in the material. Some rose quartz contains microscopic rutile needles that produce asterism in transmitted light. Recent X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the color is due to thin microscopic fibers of possibly dumortierite within the quartz.

Additionally, there is a rare type of pink quartz (also frequently called crystalline rose quartz) with color that is thought to be caused by trace amounts of phosphate or aluminium. The color in crystals is apparently photosensitive and subject to fading. The first crystals were found in a pegmatite found near Rumford, Maine, US, and in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The crystals found are more transparent and euhedral, due to the impurities of phosphate and aluminium that formed crystalline rose quartz, unlike the iron and microscopic dumortierite fibers that formed rose quartz.

Smoky quartz is a gray, translucent version of quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to a brownish-gray crystal that is almost opaque. Some can also be black. The translucency results from natural irradiation acting on minute traces of aluminum in the crystal structure.

Prase is a green variety of quartz. The green color is caused by inclusions of amphibole.

Prasiolite, also known as vermarine, is a variety of quartz that is green in color. The green is caused by iron ions. It is a rare mineral in nature and is typically found with amethyst; most "prasiolite" is not natural - it has been artificially produced by heating of amethyst. Since 1950 [citation needed ], almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazilian mine, but it is also seen in Lower Silesia in Poland. Naturally occurring prasiolite is also found in the Thunder Bay area of Canada.

Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties; they develop an electric potential upon the application of mechanical stress. Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880.

Granite rock in the cliff of Gros la Tête on Aride Island, Seychelles. The thin (1-3 cm wide) brighter layers are quartz veins, formed during the late stages of crystallization of granitic magmas. They are sometimes called "hydrothermal veins".

Quartz is a defining constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks. It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale. It is a common constituent of schist, gneiss, quartzite and other metamorphic rocks. Quartz has the lowest potential for weathering in the Goldich dissolution series and consequently it is very common as a residual mineral in stream sediments and residual soils. Generally a high presence of quartz suggests a " mature" rock, since it indicates the rock has been heavily reworked and quartz was the primary mineral that endured heavy weathering.

While the majority of quartz crystallizes from molten magma, quartz also chemically precipitates from hot hydrothermal veins as gangue, sometimes with ore minerals like gold, silver and copper. Large crystals of quartz are found in magmatic pegmatites. Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms.

The largest documented single crystal of quartz was found near Itapore, Goiaz, Brazil; it measured approximately 6.1 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m and weighed 39,916 kilograms.

Quartz is extracted from open pit mines. Miners occasionally use explosives to expose deep pockets of quartz. More frequently, bulldozers and backhoes are used to remove soil and clay and expose quartz veins, which are then worked using hand tools. Care must be taken to avoid sudden temperature changes that may damage the crystals.

Tridymite and cristobalite are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO ₂ that occur in high-silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is a denser polymorph of SiO ₂ found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. Stishovite is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of SiO ₂ found in some meteorite impact sites. Moganite is a monoclinic polymorph. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass SiO ₂ which is formed by lightning strikes in quartz sand.

As quartz is a form of silica, it is a possible cause for concern in various workplaces. Cutting, grinding, chipping, sanding, drilling, and polishing natural and manufactured stone products can release hazardous levels of very small, crystalline silica dust particles into the air that workers breathe. Crystalline silica of respirable size is a recognized human carcinogen and may lead to other diseases of the lungs such as silicosis and pulmonary fibrosis.

A synthetic quartz crystal grown by the hydrothermal method, about 19 centimetres (7.5 in) long and weighing about 127 grams (4.5 oz)

Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using heat or gamma-irradiation to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally. Susceptibility to such treatments depends on the location from which the quartz was mined.

Prasiolite, an olive colored material, is produced by heat treatment; natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland. Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treating amethyst or smoky quartz. Carnelian has been heat-treated to deepen its color since prehistoric times.

Because natural quartz is often twinned, synthetic quartz is produced for use in industry. Large, flawless, single crystals are synthesized in an autoclave via the hydrothermal process.

Like other crystals, quartz may be coated with metal vapors to give it an attractive sheen.

Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, such as Newgrange or Carrowmore in Ireland. Quartz was also used in Prehistoric Ireland, as well as many other countries, for stone tools; both vein quartz and rock crystal were knapped as part of the lithic technology of the prehistoric peoples.

While jade has been since earliest times the most prized semi-precious stone for carving in East Asia and Pre-Columbian America, in Europe and the Middle East the different varieties of quartz were the most commonly used for the various types of jewelry and hardstone carving, including engraved gems and cameo gems, rock crystal vases, and extravagant vessels. The tradition continued to produce objects that were very highly valued until the mid-19th century, when it largely fell from fashion except in jewelry. Cameo technique exploits the bands of color in onyx and other varieties.

Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid-nineteenth century as scientists attempted to create minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in nature: German geologist Karl Emil von Schafhäutl (1803-1890) was the first person to synthesize quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a pressure cooker. However, the quality and size of the crystals that were produced by these early efforts were poor.

Elemental impurity incorporation strongly influences the ability to process and utilize quartz. Naturally occurring quartz crystals of extremely high purity, necessary for the crucibles and other equipment used for growing silicon wafers in the semiconductor industry, are expensive and rare. These high-purity quartz are defined as containing less than 50 ppm of impurity elements. A major mining location for high purity quartz is the Spruce Pine Gem Mine in Spruce Pine, North Carolina, United States. Quartz may also be found in Caldoveiro Peak, in Asturias, Spain.

By the 1930s, the electronics industry had become dependent on quartz crystals. The only source of suitable crystals was Brazil; however, World War II disrupted the supplies from Brazil, so nations attempted to synthesize quartz on a commercial scale. German mineralogist Richard Nacken (1884-1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s. After the war, many laboratories attempted to grow large quartz crystals. In the United States, the U.S. Army Signal Corps contracted with Bell Laboratories and with the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio to synthesize crystals following Nacken's lead. (Prior to World War II, Brush Development produced piezoelectric crystals for record players.) By 1948, Brush Development had grown crystals that were 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, the largest at that time. By the 1950s, hydrothermal synthesis techniques were producing synthetic quartz crystals on an industrial scale, and today virtually all the quartz crystal used in the modern electronics industry is synthetic.

An early use of the piezoelectricity of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a crystal oscillator. The quartz oscillator or resonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921. George Washington Pierce designed and patented quartz crystal oscillators in 1923. The quartz clock is a familiar device using the mineral. Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927. The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the quartz crystal microbalance and in thin-film thickness monitors.

Rock crystal jug with cut festoon decoration by Milan workshop from the second half of the 16th century, National Museum in Warsaw. The city of Milan, apart from Prague and Florence, was the main Renaissance centre for crystal cutting.

Synthetic quartz crystals produced in the autoclave shown in Western Electric's pilot hydrothermal quartz plant in 1959

Fatimid ewer in carved rock crystal (clear quartz) with gold lid, c.  1000

Almost all the industrial demand for quartz crystal (used primarily in electronics) is met with synthetic quartz produced by the hydrothermal process. However, synthetic crystals are less prized for use as gemstones. The popularity of crystal healing has increased the demand for natural quartz crystals, which are now often mined in developing countries using primitive mining methods, sometimes involving child labor.

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Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica ( silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO 4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of . Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral.

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Most crystals are smooth.

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Some crystals form inside of "geode" rocks.

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The oldest rocks are over 4 billion years old.

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rare minerals like gold, dinemands, and emeralds are used to make jewelry.

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rocks are made up of multuple minerals

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We use rocks and minerals and add them to our toothpaste and water to help make our teeth and bodies strong.

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there are not more than one mineral
in a mineral

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Rocks are made of at least two or more minerals. They aren't living but can be as fascinating as something that is. There so many ways rocks are formed like by another rock breaking down and becoming a new one, and so many ways you can classify them like by their texture or hardness.

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Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. They come in a variety of different shapes, colors, hardness, and texture. There is a famous but rare mineral called gold. It is a metal, but it is not to hard.

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some cristals are clear

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sandstone form from layers of sand

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find rocks to make a rock collection

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Crystals are glittery, colorful, and shiny solids found inside of minerals. Most are very expensive and worth lots of money.

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There are so many amazing landforms and famous places made by rocks. You can find mountains, canyons, and landforms  all over the world made by rocks! One very famous one is the Grand Canyon.

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There are so many ways we use rocks in our lives. No matter where you are there are uses for rocks. Some rocks are used for tools or to build structures like houses. For an experiment my class chose rocks as our pets. My rock turned out to be sandstone that's what people long ago used to build the great pyramids of Egypt!

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i never knew that clear crystals were called glassy surfus crystals

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I like how rocks are more valuable
than people notice

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crystals can be in all shapes and sizes and are some time worth lots of mony.

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All rock are different color and sizes.

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Some rock are so old the oldest rock 400 million years old

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You brush your teeth with fluoride

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Iron gives you energy.

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you can find rocks all around you like mountains and canyons

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Water is stronger than rock.

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it is a synthetic Sapphire commbiend of crystalized aluminum oxide. value of 9 months of minerals hardness same as. Titanium carbide rock.

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rocks are made of one or more minerals

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minerals make rocks

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crystals are in minerals

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rocks are older then the dinosaurs

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rocks are used to build homes

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minerals can make all difrent kinds of rocks

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minerals can make all difrent kinds of rocks

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it is amazing how they form in the ground but turn out very pretty and did you know dimonds come from volcanos 

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it is amazing how they form in the ground but turn out very pretty and did you know dimonds come from volcanos 

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by lily

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by lily

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rocks are made of minerals and water is stronger than rock!

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rocks are made of minerals and water is stronger than rock!

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by lily

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1 of the oldest rocks is 4 billion years old!

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1 of the oldest rocks is 4 billion years old!

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by lily

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Rock Uses
Empty
Avery Lin
Avery Lin
I never new we used fluorite to make our teeth stronger! I heard Egyptians put eggshells with rock to make toothpaste. I wonder how they get the metal out of rocks too.
valentina
valentina 
I never knew that buildings were made out of rocks 
Logan
Logan
Minerals are in toothpaste.
Julia
Julia
Some foods you eat are made of some minerals.
Seamus
Seamus
people ware rocks we also eat rocks.
Noa
Noa
I never knew that we brush our teeth with fluorite.
Arletta
Arletta 
metals found in minerals are used to make soda cans and cars 
Rhys
Rhys
Minerals from rock are used for many things like building cars, are even tooth paste, and drinking water
Alistair
Alistair
Metals from minerals are used to make toasters.
Mili
Mili 
Rare minerals are used to make beautiful jewelry.
Andi
Andi
rare minerals like gold, dinemands, and emeralds are used to make jewelry.
KNOX C.
KNOX C.
We use rocks and minerals and add them to our toothpaste and water to help make our teeth and bodies strong.

charles
charles
find rocks to make a rock collection
Reid
Reid
There are so many ways we use rocks in our lives. No matter where you are there are uses for rocks. Some rocks are used for tools or to build structures like houses. For an experiment my class chose rocks as our pets. My rock turned out to be sandstone that's what people long ago used to build the great pyramids of Egypt!
Phifer
Phifer 
You brush your teeth with fluoride  
Micah
Micah
Iron gives you energy.

Sam Gregg
Sam Gregg 
rocks are used to build homes

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i had know idea toothpaste is made out of rock!

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i had know idea toothpaste is made out of rock!

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by lily