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The EHC recognises having an eHealth system in Europe presents “obvious potential advantages for the individual, for researchers and also for health care planners, but there are some implications that need to be considered as well”. Discuss these implications [12 marks]

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The EHC recognises having an eHealth system in Europe presents “obvious potential advantages for the individual, for researchers and also for health care planners, but there are some implications that need to be considered as well”. Discuss these implications [12 marks]

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Advantages:
- less paperwork and few storage issues as it can be backed up
- Increased quality of care  --> EHRs provide the ability to exchange complete health information about a patient in real time. Accurate, up-to-date and thorough information naturally leads to a higher quality of care, from better diagnoses to reduced errors.
- increased efficiency and productivity --> EHRs can be more efficient than paper record by allowing centralised chart management. and quicker access to patient information from anywhere with condition-specific queries.
- Better patient care: As explained above what’s good for healthcare providers is often good for patients, too. Streamlined access to a patient’s complete records means no more filling out the same paperwork at each doctor’s or specialist’s office.
Disadvantages:
in brief the disadvantages include financing as adopting EHR is expensive, the privacy and security concerns  during the transfer of information from hard copy to online, changed in organisational structure causing structural unemployment, temporarily decreased productivity and output during the process of adopted EHR.
the process of adopting EHR requires hiring professional personnel, as well as the maintenance costs. the loss of productivity while they are implementing the EHR means that it will lead to less revenue. other costs that this process might require include, having to purchase new machines, and training staff to be able to smoothly transition between the two. the maintenance is costly as the software and hardware need to be regularly updated to the latest versions to keep information secure for example. during the implementation, productivity will decrease which means the hospital can no longer at full capacity. in order to make sure all the information made electronic is accurate they might need to hire third party services (another example of increased costs). Besides costs, it is possible that the privacy of the patients is violated  as information is more likely to be stolen from online rather than hard copies as well as during the process of transferring the information online, who decided who will monitor this process.
In conclusion, there are many disadvantages as there are advantages however majority of the disadvantages are in short-term. in the long term, the costs which is the main disadvantage can be covered as a result it means that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

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Give three examples of a health carer [3 marks]

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Give three examples of a health carer [3 marks]

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there are many types of health care for example primary health carers, secondary and tertiary. primary are usually the health carers which first look at the patient, for example the family physician or the doctors in the emergency room. they could log the data into electronic health records which could be viewed by the secondary health carers. these could include medical specialists such as cardiologists or urologists. if the data from the primary health carer was kept on paper, the patient would have to cary it to the secondary health carer. which it not the best method of transport as it could be lost, misread... instead if it is online, the secondary health carer can simply view it.

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Which techniques might be used to increase the efficiency of inference engines [6 marks]

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Which techniques might be used to increase the efficiency of inference engines [6 marks]

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An Inference Engine is a tool from artificial intelligence. The first inference engines were components of expert systems. The typical expert system consisted of a knowledge base and an inference engine. The knowledge base stores facts about the world.
to improve efficiency of an inference engine:
- reduce the amount of variable for a more accurate result
- add more knowledge to its knowledge base in order to get more precise answers
- as technology improves, it will be able to calculation more quicker therefore the efficiency increase.
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Define the term (genomic) bioinformatics. [4 marks]

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Define the term (genomic) bioinformatics. [4 marks]

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- the science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic codes
- bioinformatics in terms of computer science is the analysing and managing of biological data. example of how and what type of biological data can be found at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11552348

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Explain how an ultrasound works and its potential uses [6 marks]

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Explain how an ultrasound works and its potential uses [6 marks]

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Ultrasound: An ultrasound scan is a painless test that uses sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside your body. It is a very commonly used test. As it uses sound waves and not radiation, it is thought to be very safe. It is the cheapest out of the three which means it is the most used medical device.
https://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~jharlow/teaching/phy138_0708/lec04/ultrasoundx.htm
uses of ultrasound:
Obstetrics and Gynecology
-measuring the size of the fetus to determine the due date
-determining the position of the fetus to see if it is in the normal head down position or breech
-checking the position of the placenta to see if it is improperly developing over the opening to the uterus (cervix)
-seeing the number of fetuses in the uterus
-checking the sex of the baby (if the genital area can be clearly seen)
-checking the fetus's growth rate by making many measurements over time
detecting ectopic pregnancy, the life-threatening situation in which the baby is implanted in the mother's Fallopian tubes instead of in the uterus
-determining whether there is an appropriate amount of amniotic fluid cushioning the baby
-monitoring the baby during specialized procedures - ultrasound has been helpful in seeing and avoiding the baby during amniocentesis (sampling of the amniotic fluid with a needle for genetic testing). -Years ago, doctors use to perform this procedure blindly; however, with accompanying use of ultrasound, the risks of this procedure have dropped dramatically.
-seeing tumors of the ovary and breast
Cardiology
-seeing the inside of the heart to identify abnormal structures or functions
-measuring blood flow through the heart and major blood vessels
Urology
-measuring blood flow through the kidney
-seeing kidney stones
-detecting prostate cancer early

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How could electronic health records benefit hospitals? [6 marks]

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How could electronic health records benefit hospitals? [6 marks]

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benefits of EHR include:
- less paperwork and few storage issues as it can be backed up
- Increased quality of care  --> EHRs provide the ability to exchange complete health information about a patient in real time. Accurate, up-to-date and thorough information naturally leads to a higher quality of care, from better diagnoses to reduced errors.
- increased efficiency and productivity --> EHRs can be more efficient than paper record by allowing centralised chart management. and quicker access to patient information from anywhere with condition-specific queries.
- Better patient care: As explained above what’s good for healthcare providers is often good for patients, too. Streamlined access to a patient’s complete records means no more filling out the same paperwork at each doctor’s or specialist’s office.

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Explain how the use of a knowledge base in a hospital can improve the effectiveness of medical treatment [6 marks]

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Explain how the use of a knowledge base in a hospital can improve the effectiveness of medical treatment [6 marks]

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The knowledge base stores facts about the world.
key benefits:
Reduce the cost of service and support workload
Organize data for your customers and employees
Provide a consistent experience for users
Improve customer satisfaction
Maintain 24x7 availability
Scale with demand

http://www.knowledgebase-script.com/benefits.php