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-DELAYED ERROR CORRECTION: to discuss the error later

Example: Teacher makes a note of the mistakes that he hears, whether they are pronunciation, grammatical or lexical. He collects a selection of their errors and the stop the activity. He writes a selection of the mistakes on the board and ask students to correct them.

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CORRECTING TECHNIQUES

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- ON THE SPOT ERROR CORRECTION: to correct the learner right away;

Advantages:
- Learner is aware of their error;
- Learner might have the opportunity to correct their own error (if the teacher prompts them to)
- Can improve accuracy

Disadvantages
-Can affect learner confidence. They may feel embarrassed or unwilling to speak.
- Learner may not be able to get their message across due to interruptions, so communication is impeded.
-Has a negative effect on fluency

For on-the-spot correction, you can:
- Help the learner to correct themselves (self-correction)
- Help other learners to correct the error (peer correction)
- Correct the error yourself (teacher-led correction)

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Pronunciation
Sounds, word and sentence stress and intonation can be similar, or completely different. Learners may find unfamiliar sounds or combinations of sounds difficult, or fun to try.

Register
Different languages and cultures have different mechanisms for addressing people of different social status, or showing politeness or deference.

Vocabulary
Languages may share similar words (cognates) or there may be false cognates - words which look similar but have different meanings in different languages. Some languages borrow words from other languages, including English. In other languages, very few words are recognisably similar to English.

Grammar
Grammatical concepts like time and tense can differ between languages. Some languages use time markers instead of different verb forms, to show different times. Verb tenses may be constructed in a similar way but have a different meaning.

Spelling
Languages can have different sounds/spelling relationships, and a different alphabet can present its own challenges.

Social interaction
Languages and cultures have specific ways of achieving certain social functions, such as starting and finishing conversations, interrupting without being seen as rude and changing the subject. These might be very different between a learner’s L1 and English.

Writing
The layout and writing style may differ between learners’ L1 or L2. The degree of formality of different languages in different social situations is also culturally-specific.

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Bilingual - having proficiency in two languages

Multilingual - having knowledge of more than one language

Plurilingual - “the ability to use languages for the purposes of communication and to take part in intercultural interaction, where a person, viewed as a social agent has proficiency, of varying degrees, in several languages and experience of several cultures.” (Common European Framework of Reference for languages, 2001)

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Adapting a coursebook activity could involve the following:

Doing an activity as it is - if it really suits your learners
Skipping an activity - while considering how this affects the rest of the lesson,coursebook unit and syllabus. You might decide to replace the activity with something else
Changing the activity - this could include making it longer or shorter; easier or more challenging; adding introductory or follow up activities; changing the topic but keeping the main aim etc.

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- to show love;
- present situations on bullying, bring their consciousness;
- how would they feel being bullied
-  Speaking to both the bullied and the bully

Steps to take if you notice bullying
https://www.smartclassroommanagement.com/2011/06/25/bullying-in-the-classroom/

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Understanding Educational Policies and Practice

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Understanding Educational Policies and Practice

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- Education policy in Brazil has been given importance by federal and local governments since 1995.

- 3 areas of national education policy pursued by Brazilian Ministry of Education:
a. Education Finance Equalization (FUNDEF and FUNDEB)
b. Conditional cash transfer policies (Bolsa Escola e bolsa Familia)
c.Educational measurement (SAEB and Prova Brasil)

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- Learn independently;
- Learn cooperatively;
- Monitor and evaluate their own learning;
- Identify their own strengths, weaknesses and needs.

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- take to the class: on line games (quizzes...)
- on line research for homework;
- provide printed copies of on line lessons materials;
- download audio or video to play in class.

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ICT - Information Communications Technology

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ICT - Information Communications Technology

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Four-stage process of technology adoption:
1 - Dabbling;
2 - Doing old things in old ways;
3 - Doing old things in new ways;
4 - Doing new things in new ways

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- Involving learners in project work:
a) preparing and giving a group presentation;
b) creating a video
c) interview with family, neighbors and friends and presentation

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Collaboration and Communication - How to do it

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Collaboration and Communication - How to do it

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- Discussing an idea or solving a problem with a partner or a group,
- Watching a film and discussing it afterwards,
- Group brainstorming (working together to gather ideas and noting them all down),
- Doing homework with a friend,
- Creating a product with a partner or group

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- Asking learners to justify their ideas.
- for example circling ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ in a text and then discussing why they are used.
- Encouraging learners to do their own research about language.

Example of activity: searching countries in the map, discussing which one is bigger or smaller, then finding a topic related to it in order to bring up a the critical thinking and discussion.

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21st Century Skills for Teachers and Learners

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21st Century Skills for Teachers and Learners

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- Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
- Collaboration and Communication
- Creativity and Imagination
- Citizenship
- Digital literacy
- Student leadership and personal development.

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"I can say that this old education model is changing slowly in Brazil. Unfortunately you can see this change mostly in private schools, where parents have to spend a lot of money on. At these schools teachers are always working with creativity, giving children space to work on their thoughts and some other possibilities besides what is written in books (as Sir Robinson mentions: the one and only answer for a question). Practical activities are also very helpful, not only at kindergarten and elementary school but also middle and high school. Schools must introduce subjects related to what these children are going to deal on a daily basis in the future. Financial, globalization and environment lessons are very important ones." - Teacher Fabi

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"I can say that this old education model is changing slowly in Brazil. Unfortunately you can see this change mostly in private schools, where parents have to spend a lot of money on. At these schools teachers are always working with creativity, giving children space to work on their thoughts and some other possibilities besides what is written in books (as Sir Robinson mentions: the one and only answer for a question). Practical activities are also very helpful, not only at kindergarten and elementary school but also middle and high school. Schools must introduce subjects related to what these children are going to deal on a daily basis in the future. Financial, globalization and environment lessons are very important ones." - Teacher Fabi

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RSA ANIMATE: Changing Education Paradigms