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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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There was an overall switch from very realistic portraits and art pieces to a very dehumanized and idealized. A similar liberalized approach happened with literature as well. In the late 1700s, “polite,” and non controversial writings faded into more open and less afraid ones. Also, the surge of nationalism seen after the war of 1812 had an impact on writings. Thomas Jefferson was an architect, that in spite of the growing modernization, brought classical aspects back into trends. This is seen in his University of Virginia.

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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The first excerpt’s intended audience was the white male, and in some ways, males in general. This newspaper publisher believed that women fighting for their rights in these conventions were “out of their latitude,” and needed to remain in the roles society had set for them. It’s purpose was to both mock and discourage women from continuing this fight for liberty. The second excerpt was saying just the opposite. It was from a newspaper that encouraged reform, and it’s intended audience was women, and reformers as a whole. Its purpose was to refute the previous article, and add new additional evidence that made invalidated it.

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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A few of the differences are that in the first awakening, the beliefs were that god granted salvation, humans had a sinful nature, and predestination/the inability to change behavior. In the second awakening however, it was believed that individuals control salvation, there was innate goodness in humans, we had to power to change our destinies, predestination should be rejected, and that there should be an emotional connection to God. The main similarity between the two awakenings is that it spawned colleges.

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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America was undergoing changes in education, laws regarding the prohibition of alcohol, and women's rights. This encourages the people to change the societal norms. Utopian societies and reforms were a way of doing this, and it allowed many to get closer to living the perfect and tranquil life.

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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It was both a progression and restricton on them. On one hand, there were smaller families and parents were able to care to their kids more personally. It taught children to be individuals and to live off of moral standards. However, the new idea of women solely being homemakers, made it impossible for them to pursue any other career and contribute to the idea that women are weaker than men.

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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The "cult of domesticity," was the belief that in the 19th century about how women should act, behave, and function within society. These gender roles demanded that women be religious, subservient,and homemakers. The child centered movement was when families began to have fewer children, and instead focus on the few and have them be the great prospects of the future. This was an improvement for women because they were no longer being dehumanized, despite the fact that they still hadn't won their suffrage.