# data[].attributes.body
(i) lens
(ii) optic nerve

(iii) fovea

(iv) blind spot

(v) ciliary muscles

# data[].attributes.body
Stimulus (e.g. light intensity) will first be detected by the retina. the information is then converted into nerve impulses that will be transmitted by the sensory neurone (optic nerve) to the brain. the nerve impuleses is then transmitted by the relay neurone and to the motor neurone to the effector (iris), whereby a response (pupil dilate/constricts) should occur.

# data[].attributes.body
i. iris
ii. optic nerve
iii. fovea
iv. blind spot
v. ciliary body

# data[].attributes.body
i)  Vitreous Chamber

ii) Optic Nerve

iii) Fovea

iv) Innermost layer

v) Ciliary Body

# data[].attributes.body
i)the lens
ii)cranial reflex
iii)retina
iv)fovea
v)ciliary muscles

# data[].attributes.body
(I) Pupil
(II) optic nerve
(III) Fovea
(IV) Blind spot
(v) Cilliary body

# data[].attributes.body
the change is light intensity is the stimulus and is detected by the photoreceptors in the retina. information is converted into electrical signals which is nerve impulse. the nerve impulse are transmitted by the sensory neurone to the cranial reflex. In the brain, nerve impulses are transmitted to the relay neurone and then to the motor neurone. The motor neurone transmits nerve impulse to the eyelid muscle. the circular muscle contracts, resulting in the contriction of pupil.

# data[].attributes.body
(i)when focusing on objects,the ciliary muscle contracts,relaxing their pull on suspensory ligaments
(ii)When focusing,the suspensory ligaments slaken,relaxing their pull on the lens
(iii)When focusing,lens becomes thicker and more convex,decreasing the focal length

# data[].attributes.body
- stimulus (changes in light intensity)
- receptor (photoreceptors in retina)
- sensory neurone (optic nerves which transmits the nerve impulse to the brain)
- relay neurone
- motor neurone (causing the circular muscle of the iris to contract, the radial muscle of the iris to relax. The pupil will then constricts, reducing the amount of light that enters the eye)

# data[].attributes.body
i. Retina
ii. Optic nerve
iii. Fovea
iv. Blind spot
V. Ciliary body

# data[].attributes.body
2b (i) When focusing on a near object, the ciliary muscle contracts to decrease the size of the lens. When focusing on a far object, the ciliary muscle relaxes to increase the size of the lens

(ii) When focusing on a near object, the tension along the suspensory ligaments decreases to thicken the lens. When focusing on a far object, the tension along the suspensory ligaments increases to flatten the lens

(iii) When focusing on a near object, the lens becomes thicker to allow light rays to refract more. When focusing on a far object, the lens becomes thinner to allow light rays to refract lesser.

# data[].attributes.body
When a person focuses on a near object, the lens will be thicker.
When the ciliary muscles contracts, it relaxes the pull on the suspensory ligaments which makes it slacken and will then relax its pull on the lens. The lens will become more thicker and convex afterwards.

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the choroid acts like a spring pulling on the lens via the zonule fibers causing the lens to become flat. When the ciliary muscle contracts, it stretches the choroid, releasing the tension on the lens and the lens becomes thicker.

When a person focuses on a object which is far away, his ciliary muscle will relax which makes the lens thinner. When the ciliary muscles relaxes, it will pull the suspensory ligament which makes it become taut, pulling the edge of the lens. The lens then become thinner and less convex.

# data[].attributes.body
distant object ; lens become thinner and less convex increasing focal length
nearby object ; lens become thicker and more convex decreasing focal length

# data[].attributes.body
i)Lens
ii)optic nerve
iii)fovea
iv)optic papilla
v)ciliary muscles

# data[].attributes.body
when focusing a far object , the suspensory ligaments become taunt , pulling on the edge of the lens . however , when focusing on a near object , the suspensory ligaments slacken , relaxing their pull on lens

# data[].attributes.body
when focusing on a near object , the ciliary muscles contract making the lens more convex . however , when focusing on a far object , the ciliary muscles relax making the lens thinner

# data[].attributes.body
(i) lens
(ii) optic nerve
(iii) fovea
(iv) blind spot
(v) ciliary body

# data[].attributes.body
- vitreous chamber
- optic nerve
- fovea
- blind spot
- lens

# data[].attributes.body
When a person focuses on a near object, the ciliary muscles contract, relaxing their pull on suspensory ligaments and and the suspensory ligament slacken which then relax their pull on the lens and the lens become thicker and more convex decreasing the focal length while when focusing on an object that is further, the ciliary muscles relax, pulling on the suspensory ligaments which then becomes taut, pulling on the edge of the lens and the lens becomes thinner and less convex, increasing the focal length.

# data[].attributes.body
i)Cornea
ii)Optic nerve
iii)Forea
iv)Blind spot
v)Lens

# data[].attributes.body
(i)lens
(ii)optic nerve
(iii)Fovea
(iv)nerve fibres
(v)accomodation

# data[].attributes.body
When a person focuses on a near object , the ciliary muscle contract and relax their pull on suspensory ligaments.The suspensory ligaments will then slake. and relax their pull on lens.The lens becomes thicker and more convex , decreasing the focal length.However , when focusing on a far object , the ciliary muscle relax and pull the suspensory ligaments.The suspensory ligaments become taut and pull on the edge of the lens.The lens will then become thinner and less convex , increasing the focal length.

# data[].attributes.body
When a person enters a bright room,the increase in light intensity is the stimulus and is detected by the receptors which is the photoreceptors in the retina.The information is converted into nerve impulses and are transmitted by the sensory neurone to the central nervous system in the spinal cord and then transmitted to the brain.In the spinal cord,the nerve impusles are transmittesd to the relay neurone and then to the motor neurone.The motor neurone transmits nerve impulses to the effector which is the muscles that control the iris,the circular muscles and radial muscles.The circular iris muscle contracts and the radial muscles relax.Therefore,the pupil constricts,reducing the amount of light that enters the eye

# data[].attributes.body
(i)Fovea
(ii)Optic Nerve
(iii)Fovea
(iv)Blind Spot
(v)Ciliary body

# data[].attributes.body
I) When focus on a near object, the ciliary muscle contracts,relaxing the pull on suspensory ligaments. However, when focus to a far object, the ciliary muscle relax, pulling the suspensory ligament.

Ii)When focus on a near object,suspensory ligament is slacker,relaxing the pull on the lens. However, when focus to a far object, the suspensory ligament taut, pulling on the edge of lens.

Iii) When focus on a near object, lens become thicker and more convex, decreasing the focal length. However, when focus to a far object, the lens become thinner and less convex, increasing the focal length.

# data[].attributes.body
I. Lens
Ii. Optic nerve
Iii. Forea
Iv. Bind spot
V. Ciliary body

# data[].attributes.body
i)To see far objects,the ciliary muscles relax to decrease curvature of the lens wheres to see nearby objects,the ciliary contracts to increase curvature of the lens.
ii)To see far objects,the ciliary muscles relax causing it to pull the suspensory ligament.To see nearby objects,ciliary muscles contract,relaxing their pull on suspensory ligaments.
iii)To see far objects,the lens will decrease curvature whereas to see nearby objects,the lens will increase curvature.

# data[].attributes.body
2i) the ciliary muscle will relax when seeing a near object and it will shorten as it contracts when seeing far objects.
2ii) the suspensory ligament will be loose when seeing near objects and it tightens when seeing far objects.
2iii) the lens will have more curvature when seeing near objects and it will lose its curvature when seeing far objects.

# data[].attributes.body
when a person focuses on a near object, the ciliary muscles contracts and the suspensory ligament slackens, causing the lens to be thicker and more convex whereas when a person focuses on a far object, the ciliary muscles relaxes and the suspensory ligament becomes taut, causing the lens to be thinner and less comvex.

# data[].attributes.body
When a person focuses on a near object, his/her ciliary muscle will contract which makes the lens thicker. When the ciliary muscles contracts, it will relax its pull on the suspensory ligaments which makes it slacken, which will then relax its pull on the lens. The lens then become thicker and more convex.

However, when a person focuses on a far object, his ciliary muscle will relax which makes the lens thinner. When the ciliary muscles relaxes, it will pull the suspensory ligament which makes it become taut, pulling the edge of the lens. The lens then become thinner and less convex.

# data[].attributes.body
(i). Pupil
(ii). Optic nerve
(iii). Fovea
(iv). Blind spot
(v). Suspensory ligament

# data[].attributes.body
For nearby objects
(i) the ciliary muscle contracts relaxing their pull on suspensory ligaments
(ii) the suspensory ligaments then slacken relaxing their pull on the lens
(iii) the lens becomes thicker and more convex (more curved), decreasing the focal length

For distant object
(i) the ciliary muscle relax pulling on the suspensory ligaments
(ii) suspensory ligaments become taut, pulling on the edge of the lens
(iii) the lens becomes thinner and less convex (less curved) increasing the focal length

# data[].attributes.body
(i) lens
(ii) optic nerve
(iii) foveal (yellow spot)
(iv) blind spot
(v) ciliary muscle

# data[].attributes.body
Identify the following parts of the eye, based on the functions described:
(i) focuses light onto the retina
(ii) transmits nerve impulse from the retina to the brain
(iii) the point where vision is the sharpest
(iv) the part of the retina where there is no photoreceptors
(v) controls the curvature and thickness of the lens [5 marks]

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Differentiate what happens to the following parts:
(i) ciliary muscle
(ii) suspensory ligament
(iii) lens
when a person focus on a near object compared to a far object.  [6 marks]

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Outline the reflex arc of the pupil reflex when a person enters a bright room. Make reference to the roles of iris muscles in your answer.         [6 marks]