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The Tiananmen Square Tragedy/The June Fourth Incident

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The Tiananmen Square Tragedy/The June Fourth Incident

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The Tiananmen Square Tragedy or the June Fourth Incident happened in 1989. Thousands of students assembled in the Square calling for political reforms and freedom. The government violently stopped the protest that resulted to the death of 5,000 people and injury to 10,00. Many student leaders were imprisoned. One of those who were released was Wang Dan who got his freedom back in April 1998. China was criticized worldwide for this incident.

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China Under the Communist Party - Deng Xiaoping

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China Under the Communist Party - Deng Xiaoping

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Mao was replaced by Hua Guofeng who was eventually replaced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. He convinced the people that economic construction is the key to the development of the nation and not competition among the different members of society. He implemented the program Four Modernizations, industries, science and technology, and defense. A new constitution was adopted in 1982. The new constitution returned the land to the peasants. The economy was the priority agenda of the government.
He introduced a revolution that was opposite Mao's principles.  He slowly introduced the western system if democracy in his programs. He emphasized the need fir China to open its doors for modernization. Deng died on February 19,1997 due to Parkinson's disease.

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China Under the Communist Party - Mao Tse-Tung

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China Under the Communist Party - Mao Tse-Tung

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After the victory of Mao Tse-Tung against the Chiang Kai-shek, he declared the
Birth of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao started to outline the
government in a conference in Peking in September, 1949.

Central People's Government Council was founded as the highest branch that
would create the laws of the nation. The state Administrative Council, is the highest
executive branch. The Supreme  People's Court which is the highest in judiciary branch,
and the People's Procurator General. The State Administrative Council serves as the cabinet
and it has 22 members its first head was Zhou Enlai. He was the first prime minister
during the rule of President Mao.

The membership of the Communist Party of China continued to grow from 2,700,00 in 1947
up to 17,000,000 in 1966. The structure of the government was based on the structure of the
party. From the towns, The People's Representative Congress was formed and it reached the
national level in Peking. It had its first assembly in 1954. The new constitution was introduced
in 1954. Together with this was the change in the government system. Different programs and rules were launched by the party. These were supported by the different organizations and associations from the youth, women, students, and peasants. The propaganda of the party spread swiftly so that in time it achieved its objectives. Indoctrination of Lenin-Marxist philosophies happened and capitalist and imperialist elements were eliminated.

The Hundred Flowers Campaign was launched in 1956 so that CPC would know the opinion
of the Chinese towards the rule of party. It traced the people who criticized Mao and the party.
As a response, the Anti-Rightist Campaign was launched in 1957 which caused people to be imprisoned, unemployed, and work in farms.

Almost at the same time, the Great Leap Forward was launched in 1958. This was an  economic plan, campaign and strategy for the development of the nation. It failed and caused the Great Chinese Famine. China's economy failed in the next three years. it gave people reasons to
criticize Mao all the more. It was only in 1964 that China's economy recovered.

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched in 1966. This was a political movement that was meant to end the bourgeois thinking the opposing party. The revolution was with an economic plan but the program ended with the party. The revolution was with an economic plan but the program ended with the death of Mao on September 9, 1976 at the age of 82

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Democracy is a system of government in which the power emanates from the people.
Democracy has two types:

- Direct/Pure Democracy > Leaders have direct interaction with the people with regard to decision-making.

- Indirect and representative Democracy >
People usually vote for their representatives in an election determined by law.

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Asian nations have different types of political system. Political system means how politics work in a country and the types of government. One basis to determine the type of government of a country is the number of its leaders. It can be in the hands of only one person or monarchy, in the hands of a few people or one group which is authoritarianism, or in the hands of many people or democracy.

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-Authoritarianism
-Oligarchy
-Aristocracy
-June Fourth Incident
-Monarchy
-Diet
-Democracy
-Guided Democracy
-Stratocracy

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-Boedino
-Li Keqiang
-Raden Suharto
-Xi Jinping
-Shinzo Abe
-Megawati Sukarnoputri

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A. Political Systems in Asia
B. Types of Government

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1. Define political system.
2. Identify the different types of government in Asia and define each of them.
3. Analyze the form, outline, and structure of government in Japan, China and Indonesia.
4. Describe the important role of the government plays in running a nation.

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The politics of Asia are extremely varied as would be expected of such a large landmass and a diverse population. Consitutional monarchies, absolute monarchies, one-party states, federal states, dependent territores, liberal democracies and military dictatorships are all factors in the region, as well as various forms of independence movements.

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1.Democracy
2.Dictatorship
3.Monarchy
4.Theocracy
5.Totalitarian
6.Republic
7. Anarchy
The number of a country's leaders is used to determine its type of government. In a republic, the people elect representatives to make and enforce laws. A monarchy consists of rule by a king or queen. Sometimes a king called an "empire", such as China before 1911.

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Monarchy is the oldest form of government. It is a government system in which the power to run the country is in the hands of only one person. In a monarchy, a king or a queen is head of state. In a constitutional monarchy, while the soveregin in head of state, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected parliament.
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority that is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Japanese Government as an Effective Government

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Japanese Government as an Effective Government

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After the Second World War, Japan started to restructure its nation. A new constitution was written in 1947 under the guidance of the Americans headed by General Douglas MacArthur.

Passing of laws is in the hands of the Kokkai or the Diet, the national parliament. The Diet has two houses: the House of Representatives and the Council. The Shugi-in or the House of Representatives is the Lower House and is composed of 480 members who have a four year term. Sangi-in or the Council is the Council or the Senate of Japan with 242 members from the 47 prefectures of the nation. Their term of office is six years.

The Supreme Court of Japan was organized based on the Supreme Court of the United States. It is headed by the Chief Justice with fourteen Associate Justices. They are appointed by the emperor with the approval of the prime minister and cabinet.

The new constitution has taken away the divine status of the emperor. It granted the Japanese people basic human rights. It also abolishes war as they promised in the Treaty of Kellog-Briand in 1928 and prevents Japanese soldiers from going to other countries.

For a long time, Japanese politics has been dominated by three major parties: the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP); Socialist; and Democratic Socialist.

Tsutomu Hatta was elected prime minister from the Japan Renewal Party in 1994, ruled for two months and was immediately replaced by Tomiichi Murayama. In October 1996, Ryutaro Hashimoto was elected prime minister. Keizo Obuchi, a former Minister of External Affairs during the time of Hashimoto, was elected prime minister on July 29, 1998. In 2000 election, Yoshiro Mori was elected prime minister. He was replaced by Junichiro Koisumi. During his rule, Japan's defense was strengthened by creating ballistic missiles, sent spy satellites into space in March 2003 and military troops to Iraq as requested by the United States.

After the election for the Lower House on December 16, 2012, Shinzo Abe of LDP was elected prime minister.

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Authoritarianism is a form of government in which power is in the hands of a few people or a group. In this system, people have no freedom and could not fight the ruling party or government. Totalitarianism is the highest form of authoritarianism.

Aristocracy, oligarchy, one-party system and military regime are all types of authoritarianism. Aristocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the nobility. Oligarchy is a type of government headed by a group of few people who do not have a high status in society. The one-party system is a type of state in which one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. A military regime (also known as a military junta) is a system of government  in which the people elect their leaders.