# data[].attributes.body
Research your assigned category. Include a link to your source and a picture.

# data[].attributes.headline
May Ison, Claire Hennessey, Stefan korey, Sarah Kate Harris

# data[].attributes.subject
May Ison, Claire Hennessey, Stefan korey, Sarah Kate Harris

# data[].attributes.body
Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, (a German philosopher during the 19th century) advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. In a Communist system, individual people do not own land, factories, or machinery. Instead, the government or the whole community owns these things. Neruda became an ardent Communist and supporter of Stalin for the rest of his life.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
By the 1800s many countries followed the economic system called capitalism. Under capitalism, individual people, called capitalists, own property and run companies. Some capitalists became rich but paid their workers very little. In response, many workers began supporting the ideas of socialism. In a socialist system, the government owns companies and divides wealth more fairly among the people. Karl Marx, a German thinker of the 1800s, took socialist ideas one step further. Marx's ideas became the basis of Communism.

Marx called the workers the proletariat. Marx thought that some day the workers would lead a revolution and overthrow the capitalists. After taking control, the proletariat would become the new ruling class. At first there would be a "dictatorship of the proletariat" to defeat all opposition. Then a true Communist society would develop. This would include common ownership of property and no government. People would work to produce wealth according to their abilities. Everyone would share in this wealth according to their needs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Communism is a type of government as well as an economic system (a way of creating and sharing wealth). In a Communist system, individual people do not own land, factories,...

# data[].attributes.body
Surrealism is an avant-garde movement from the 1920s that can be found in both art and literature, drawing on the unconscious mind to connect dreams and reality.

# data[].attributes.body
What started in 1917 Russia, became a global revolution, taking root in countries as far flung as China and Korea to Kenya and Sudan to Cuba and Nicaragua. Communism launched from Lenin’s October Revolution and spread to China with Mao Zedong’s rise to power and to Cuba, with Fidel Castro’s takeover. It was the ideology behind one side of the Cold War and saw a symbolic decline with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Today just a handful of countries remain under communist rule.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surges-and declines. What started in 1917 Russia, became a global revolution, taking root in countries as far-flung as China and Korea to Kenya and Sudan to Cuba and Nicaragua.

Communism launched from Lenin's October Revolution and spread to China with Mao Zedong's rise to power and to Cuba, with Fidel Castro's takeover. It was the ideology behind one side of the Cold War and saw a symbolic decline with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Today just a handful of countries remain under communist rule. Below is a timeline of notable events that shaped Communism's arc in history.

Soviet Union Emerges From October Revolution

* February 21, 1848: German economist and philosopher Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, calling for a working-class revolt against capitalism. Its motto, "Workers of the world, unite!" quickly became a rallying cry.

Communism Takes Hold in China and Beyond

* July 1, 1921: Inspired by the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party of China is formed.

* 1940 to 1979: Communism is established by force or otherwise in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Poland, North Korea, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, China, Tibet, North Vietnam, Guinea, Cuba, Yemen, Kenya, Sudan, Congo, Burma, Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Laos, Kampuchea, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Vietnam, Somalia, Seychelles, Afghanistan, Grenada, Nicaragua and others.

Cold War Begins

* October 1, 1949: Following a civil war, China's Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong declares his creation of the People's Republic of China, leading the United States to end diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades.

* July 5, 1950: Leading United Nations forces, the first U.S. troops engage in the Korean War, after communist North Korea invaded South Korea with the intent of creating a unified communist state. The war would last until July 27, 1953, with North Korea, China and the United Nations signing an armistice agreement.

Communists Win in Cuba, Vietnam

* January 1, 1959: Fidel Castro overthrows the corrupt Fulgencio Batista regime, and Cuba becomes a Communist state.

* June 4, 1989: After weeks of protests, the Communist Chinese government sends in its military to fire on demonstrators calling for democracy in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The bloody violence ends in hundreds to thousands of deaths (no official death toll was ever released).

Berlin Wall Falls, Soviet Union Dissolves

* November 9, 1989: The Berlin Wall -that separated communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin for nearly 30 years-falls. The years 1989-90 see the collapse of communist regimes in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Benin, Mozambique, Nicaragua and Yemen.

Sources

"History of Communism," Stanford University
"Communism: Karl Marx to Joseph Stalin," Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina
"From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution," National Geographic
"The Truman Doctrine, 1947," U.S. Department of State
"The Chinese Revolution of 1949," U.S. Department of State
"The Korean War: Timeline," CBS News
"Tiananmen Square Fast Facts," CNN
"United States Invades Grenada," Politco

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surges-and declines. What started in 1917 Russia, became a global revolution, taking root in countries as far-flung as China and Korea to Kenya and Sudan to Cuba and Nicaragua.

# data[].attributes.body
André Breton is the founder of surrealism from France. He published the Manifesto of Surrealism. From then surrealism became an internationally known movement.

# data[].attributes.body
The Spanish Civil War began with a military revolt against the Republican government in Spain. The rebels were known as Nationalists and were funded by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Spanish government received funding from the Soviet Union and the International Brigades (volunteers from Europe and the US)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A Mexican battalion marching through Barcelona (1930's)

# data[].attributes.body
Pablo Neruda was a famous Chilean poet and politician. He was a Communist and was forced to leave Chile temporarily due to his political ideology.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/pablo-neruda-biography-love-poems-facts.html

# data[].attributes.body
The second Spanish republic was the form of government in Spain from 1931- 1939

# data[].attributes.body
Fascism is a far-right political ideology that includes extreme nationalism and a dictatorship-like system which dominated parts of Europe, Asia, South Africa, and the Middle East.

# data[].attributes.body
Pablo Neruda wrote these enigma so that people could see the world the way he saw it. For him, it was a movement of self expression.

# data[].attributes.body
Karl Marx was a German Philosopher, economist , historian, and journalist. He worked as a radical political theorist and a socialist revolutionary. Alongside Friedrich Engels, Marx published the communist manifesto. He also came up with the idea of Marxism.

# data[].attributes.body
Nerudas most surreal poems called "enigmas" were his poems in which no one understood, and portrays a good example of the times and the movement.

# data[].attributes.body
-Have a strong military presence, extreme nationalism
-Despises Democracy and liberalism
-Believed in social hierarchy and rule of elite
-Individuals must be willing to help the mother country first before themselves

# data[].attributes.body
In the early 20th century the US's economy crashed and the support that the US gave was taken away. Chile and many other South American countries suffered from their relatively immature governments and unstable economies.

# data[].attributes.body
Francisco Franco was a Spanish  general that attempted to throw a coup to overthrow the government. This coup failed, but led to the Spanish Civil War. He ended up gaining control over Spain, and under his dictatorship 200k-400k Spaniards died.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Captain Emilio Vela read the military order declaring the state of war in the Plaza de Zocodover.

# data[].attributes.body
General Francisco Franco was the leader of the Spanish Nationalists and overthrew the Spanish republic. He organized a military rebellion broadcast from the Canary Islands, and within 4 days, he gained control of Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, and Spanish territory north of the Guadarrama mountains. He marched his army outside the capital of Madrid and allowed the country to choose its own commander in chief. Franco became head of state in 1936.

# data[].attributes.body
Pablo Neruda moved to Madrid in 1933 and began a literary review called Caballo verde para la poesîa alongside Manuel Altolaguirre. In 1936, the Spanish Civil War broke out and interrupted the progress of Neruda poetry and political development. He chronicled the horrors of the war and was outspoken about his support for the loyalist cause.

# data[].attributes.body
As a result of the lack of support from the United States of America, the working conditions for many, tanked. Many complained about these harsh conditions, but since they were not unified the complaints went unheard. However, around 1905, trade unions began to be formed throughout Chile. A man by the name of Luis Emilio Recabarren traveled Chile organizing different unions. In 1907, miners in a northern city of Chile, Santa María de Iquique, went on strike for better conditions. However, an envoy was sent from the central government to "speak" with the miners. Around 1,5000 workers and their families all met and crammed into the school, but the envoy sent from the government, opened fire and killed hundreds of the men, women, and children standing in the school.

# data[].attributes.body
Neruda traveled in and out of Spain to gather money and organize support for the republicans. He wrote a poem in 1937 called Espana en el Corazon (Spain in My Heart) to express his emotions of unity with them

# data[].attributes.body
Pablo Neruda supported the Spanish republic and helped about 2,000 Spanish refugees escape the tyranny of Franco by fleeing to Chile.

# data[].attributes.body
Italy's National Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini is one of the earliest and most prominent examples of fascism throughout history. In fact, Mussolini coined the term fascism. The Italian Fascist State was built on the idea that self-sacrifice and obedience to the state would enable all individuals to unify in a common will. Rights do not belong to the individual but the whole. Mussolini took a totalitarian approach to governing, one where he banned not only all political parties but his own, but also labor unions and public protest meetings. He went on to create the Fascist Grand Council, a parliament replacement that approved all of Mussolini's decision. Many fascist states that came after Mussolini's rule would emulate his policies and governing tactics.

# data[].attributes.body
The second Spanish republic was one of the governments involved in the Spanish Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
The new constitution became conversion because of articles 26 and 27. Both brought strict controls on Church propter and blocked religious order from ranks of educators. The people said the constitution was hostile to religion.

# data[].attributes.body
After the fall of the Republic, Neruda continued to intertwine his politics with his poems but this time in a less evident way

# data[].attributes.body
Marxism refers to the social, political, and economic theory derived by Karl Marx while Communism directly refers to the political manifestation of communal ownership and the abolition of class systems.

Marxism is considered to be the basis for contemporary communism and modern socialist theory.

# data[].attributes.body
Pablo Neruda was known as a proud Socialist and one who was Anti-Fascist. The Spanish Republic fell into the hands of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, creating a Fascist government. Neruda, along with many other Spaniards, protested against this.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/south-america/chile/historical-highlights/chile-in-the-20th-century

# data[].attributes.body
Where “the group” owns the factors of production and the government represents the “the group” the government tells the people where to work but the government doesn’t own the labor force

# data[].attributes.body
Pablo Neruda grew to admire Joseph Stalin for the Soviet Union's role in defeating Germany during WWII. Consequently, he grew to admire Stalin's form of government, a specific iteration of communism known as Marxism-Lenism. Neruda's writings were largely inspired by his political views and he was ultimately exiled for his views.

# data[].attributes.body
The Second Spanish Republic began with the consequences of the stock market crash in 1929, determined by the dictatorship who emerged victorious from the Spanish Civil War after plotting against the Republic.

# data[].attributes.body
Later in the 1920s and '30s series of military coups instated a leader who was anti-communist and authoritarian. This is the president that took over in 1928 named Carlos Ibáñez del Campo.