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The key to assessing if the argument is valid. It is a doctrine that studies the laws of thinking at the stage of understanding and understanding of human beings. It refers to deductive logic in a narrow sense and includes inductive logic in a broad sense.  The law of thinking in formal logic is also the unity of thinking form and thinking content.  The object of it is the quality of things. Formal logic reflects the quality of things by concept, judgment, and reasoning (mainly including inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning).

Example:All metals are shiny; all iron is metal; therefore, all iron is shiny.

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Formal logic studies mainly  with formal of thought and other sciences.people always use it to understand the world and express thinking. Any concrete thought has its content as well as its form.Any concrete thought involves some specific objects.For example Specific thinking in political economy involves relations of production, commodities, values...These specific objects.And Concrete thinking in physics involves sound, light, electricity, force...These specific objects.However, there are some common elements in the specific thinking of different fields.

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informal logic is the logic in which the point is useful however the argument is not developed yet.
informal logic is making assumptions without explaining the reasoning, for example if someone is fired and has walked under a ladder right before, the argument would be that walking under ladders is bad luck and the way to say it in informal logic would be 'Karin walked under a ladder, that's why she got fired.' this would leave out the key detail/argument that ladders are bad luck.

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the logic of Aristotle, especially in the modified form taught in the Middle Ages.

The example:
Aristotelian triangle: relationship among the speaker, audience and subject.The rhetorical triangle is a style of speaking and writing designed to convey, influence and persuade the audience.
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