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is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information.

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Is a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane.

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an image entails the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. This was originally done with photographic processes to create posters.

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Aliasing can also cause problems in digital imaging. In images, the repetition is in space rather than time. If a repetitive pattern of high spatial frequency is sampled at low resolution, Moire patterns result.

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caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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Barrel lens distortion/Pincushion Distortion 

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Barrel lens distortion/Pincushion Distortion 

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Two common types of distortion. In barrel distortion (left), magnification decreases with distance from the centre of the image; in pincushion distortion (right), magnification increases with distance.

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is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2. ... APS-C size sensors are also used in a few digital rangefinders.

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A full-frame camera is a camera with a full-framesensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. The biggest advantage of a full-frame camera is that it has no crop factor. Crop factor means that the image is cut out because the sensor is too small to capture the entire image.

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is the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame. You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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Each pixel typically consists of 8 bits (1 byte) for a Black and White (B&W) image or 24 bits (3 bytes) for a color image-- one byte each for Red, Green, and Blue.

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Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s.

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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. ... One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony.

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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. It is frequently characterized by aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability.

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Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the unconscious mind through the imagery

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Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts

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is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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Still life photography is a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects. ... The art in still life photographyis often in the choice of objects that are being arranged and the lighting rather than the skill of the photographer.

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involves the taking of photographs for commercial uses (product shots, head-shots, etc). These photographs are often used for the promotional marketing of a business including website placement, product previews, and business card/marketing material images.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-mounted poles.

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In photography, a histogram is a graph showing the distribution of light in an image. Most cameras are capable of displaying a histogram for each image stored on the camera's memory card. Some cameras even allow you to see a live histogram before you take the shot.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. ... Anti-artworks may reject conventional artistic standards altogether, or focus criticism only on certain aspects of art, such as the art market and high art.

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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium.

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A neutral density (ND) filter is a type of grey filter that easily attaches to a camera lens, to control how much light enters the camera's sensor. ... By reducing or blocking out light to your camera lens, a neutral density filter lets you manipulate your photos to achieve really creative results

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Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to Xpro) is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. ... Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.

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A grid fits over your flash and, using a series of honeycomb tubes, restricts the direction of the light output. Grids come in a variety of sizes to give you either a narrower beam of light or a wider spread. A 10-degree grid casts a narrower beam of light, while a 40-degree grid creates a wider beam.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash.

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A softbox is an enclosure designed to fit around an artificial light source, such as a flash tube or halogen lamp. Its reflective interior intensifies the light output and projects it through its only means of escape—the front diffusion screen.

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A monolight is a self-contained light source in which the flash head contains the lamp, modeling light, cooling fan and power supply, as opposed to component systems featuring separate heads and power packs, which are commonly referred to as generators, power packs or pack-and-head-systems.

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A catchlight is the light reflected in a subject's eye, the glimmer that comes from an external light source. Also known as an "eye light," it's the highlight reflected off the surface of the eye.

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In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range. Initially, the image's tonality is represented as a straight diagonal line on a graph. When adjusting an RGB image, the upper-right area of the graph represents the highlights and the lower-left area represents the shadows.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light is designed to wrap around the lens, providing even lighting on all sides. This allows photographers to use flash in the case of subjects where using a regular flash would create weird, unnatural shadows.

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing. Unfortunately there is a much deeper meaning behind that term than this simple explanation.

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The ambrotype (from Ancient Greek: ἀμβροτός — “immortal”, and τύπος — “impression”) also known as a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light. ... The ambrotype was introduced in the 1850s.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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Photogravure is an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate that can reproduce detailed .

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Cyanotype is a 170 year old photographic printing process that produces prints in a distinctive dark greenish-blue. The word cyan comes from the Greek, meaning “dark blue substance.” ... She is regarded as the first female photographer. Compared to other photographic printing processes, cyanotype is easy and inexpensive.

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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The light source that illuminates the subject is perpendicular to the model. This setup lights up half of the face while keeping the other half shadowed. You “split” the lighting on your subject's face.

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Rembrandt lighting is a standard lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography and cinematography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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Loop lighting is an essential lighting technique for portrait photographers. This lighting pattern will create a shadow that loops down and around the side of the nose, and on the neck and under the chin. These shadows subtly help define the subject's bone structure.

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Butterfly lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography.

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Broad lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. This is the 'broad' side of the face - from camera position it is wider than the 'short' side of the face, the side that is turned away from the camera.

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Short lighting is a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion.

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Most pictures that you see today, in books and on websites, are static pictures -- one-offs, unable to adapt to their surroundings, unable to reflect new ideas or information, unable to respond to the viewer's needs and interests.

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The visual weight in an image is defined as the visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it. The visual weight is a visualforce which prevails in the image balance.

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When talking about photography, specifically post-processing and image editing the term 'render' or the process of 'rendering' refers to the application of algorithms to a digital image file which convert the image information contained within the file into a viewable format on a viewing device.

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Design elements in creating space in two dimensions Overlapping- involves one shape obscuring another or shapes overlapping each other

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the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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Scanography (also spelled scannography), more commonly referred to as scanner photography, is the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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was a term coined by William Jenkins in 1975 to describe a group of American photographers (such as Robert Adams and Lewis Baltz) whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape.

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Solargraphy is a specialised form of pinhole photography. It consists of applying long exposure times, from one or more days up to months or even years, thereby recording sun trails and other objects.

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refers to the unit of measurement of color temperature. ... Adjusting the white balance in a cameras settings changes the way the camera processes an image to compensate for the different color temperatures emitted by various light sources.

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An ICC profile is a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device (or a color space) according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium (ICC)

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Subtractive lighting simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. The tools used to block unwanted light are called gobos or flags.

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Lighting ratio in photography refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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Flat light is defined as lighting that produces minimal contrast in the scene, which means there is no, or very little, contrast between the highlights and shadows. ... In fact, it's not the light that is flat at all but the resulting image captured when the light source is creating very little contrast in the photo.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture

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A 50mm lens can be used for just about anything. At 50mm, it makes for a great portrait, street, event or landscape lens. You can also easily switch back and forth between these styles without switching lenses.

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Glass: Lenses. As in “Ooh, that's some fancy new glass you got there!”, referring to a lens. Fast/Slow: Used to describe the maximum aperture of a lens.

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A term used for people who use many Photoshop layers without naming them.

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without much contrast (either color, or luminance contrast). A lack of contrast could be caused by any number of factors. Poor exposure, poor. processing or poor printing being chief among them.

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You have most likely seen them in your pictures before. They are those little round, dark spots that just seem to appear out of nowhere! Perhaps you call them something else, but I call them dust bunnies.

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In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. It is an instance of signal clipping in the image domain.

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Tethered photography is the process of shooting with your camera connected to your computer, so that photos are uploaded instantly to the computer.

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The key light is the first and usually most important lightthat a photographer, cinematographer, lightingcameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lightingsetup. The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject.

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In television, film, stage, or photographic lighting, a fill light may be used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered normal.

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the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging.

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a photograph made by combining several distinct photographs either made one over another on the same plate or made on one print from a number of negatives.

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Lifestyle photography is a genre of photography that mainly aims to capture portraits of people in situations, real-life events or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday. The primary goal is to tell stories about people's lives or to inspire people in different times

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Urban Exploration Photography (urbanex for short) is the art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go. It's exciting, potentially dangerous, legally ambiguous, and a lot of fun.

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Astrophotography is photography of astronomical bodies and celestial events including stars, the moon, the sun, planets, asteroids, and galaxies. Night photography containing large swaths of sky with stars is considered astrophotography as well.

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In photography and optics, a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless or grey filter, and is denoted by Wratten number 96

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A CPL filter – which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces

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Chromatic aberration is a phenomenon in which light rays passing through a lens focus at different points, depending on their wavelength. ... the same area of the photo after post-production removal of the chromatic aberration using a software tool.

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A mirrorless camera is a type of camera that works without a reflex mirror. Light passes through the lens directly to the digital sensor, which then displays your image on the camera's LCD screen, allowing you to adjust settings and preview your image before its shot.

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Technically originating in the art of papermaking, in photography, the watermark is a superimposed image, logo, or text placed over a photograph—usually as a method of identifying the image's creator.