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In 1993, 86% of suburban whites still lived in places with a Black population of less than 1%. The 2000 Census showed that whites are still more likely to be segregated than any other group. Today, 71% of white people own their own home, compared to 44% of African Americans. Black and Latino mortgage applicants are 60% more likely than whites to be turned down for loans.

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In the 1960s, the government made several efforts to end housing discrimination, but had little impact. It was not until 1988 that fair housing laws were amended to enforce the rules. In the 1970s, '80s and '90s, housing prices rose dramatically, and white homeowners who benefited from racist federal laws were able to sell their homes at great profit. Meanwhile, BIPOC groups who had been denied federal assistance had homes worth far less.

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The housing market available to most BIPOC was rental and later, public housing in segregated urban centers. Government-sponsored urban redevelopment programs destroyed more housing than they built. Ninety percent of all housing destroyed was not replaced; two-thirds of those displaced were Black or Latino.

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More and more white homeowners moved to the suburbs. Freeways in major cities connected white suburbs to central business districts, but they were often built through Black neighborhoods. Many Black areas lost their neighborhood shopping districts and successful small businesses as a result. 

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Restrictions barred homeowners from selling or leasing their homes to nonwhites. Shelley v. Kraemer was a Supreme Court decision to stop this, but exclusion continued. Private developers could still refuse to sell homes to nonwhites, and real estate agents steered nonwhite homebuyers away from white neighborhoods.

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The federal government created programs that allowed  homeownership to millions of average Americans for the first time. At the same time, the government introduced a system connecting home value and loan eligibility to races. All-white communities received the highest ratings and benefited from low-cost, government-backed loans, while minority and mixed neighborhoods received the lowest ratings and were denied these loans.

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The Wagner Act helped establish an important new right - to unionize. The original version did not allow racial discrimination, but the American Federation of Labor fought against it and the final version permitted unions to exclude BIPOC. As a result, people of color were not only locked out of higher-paying jobs, they were also denied union protection and benefits: medical care, full employment, and job security.

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The creation of social security became a safety net for millions of workers, guaranteeing them an income after retirement. However, it excluded agricultural workers and domestic servants, who were predominantly African American, Mexican, and Asian