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-This test is usually given to children in second grade, ages 7 or 8.

They categorized under
1. Verbal scale: In this part they are asked to figure out what the definition vocabulary.
2. Performance scale: within this part they can be tested for picture arrangement, block design, etc.

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What are intellectual disability and giftedness?

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What are intellectual disability and giftedness?

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-Intellectual Disability: formerly mental retardation, in several ways.
(The first person's IQ score must fall below 70, or two standard deviations below the mean on the normal curve)

-Developmentally delayed: Condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age.

-Giftedness: Those who fall on the upper end of the normal curve, with an IQ above 130 (about 2% of the population)
(Gifted: term used to describe the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above.

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What are some established theories of intelligence?

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What are some established theories of intelligence?

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-Spearman's Factor: Spearman (1904) saw intelligence as 2 different abilities.
1. g factor: The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence.
2. s factor: The ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence.

-Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: Sternberg's theory that there are 3 kinds of intelligence.
1. Analytical intelligence: The ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.

2. Creative intelligence: The ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.

3. Practical intelligence: The ability to use information to get along in life and become successful.

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1. What are some established theories of intelligence?
2.What are intellectual disability and giftedness?
3.How is intelligence measured today?

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-The Myth of the "Hot Streak": One way the brain misleads one is trying to impose patterns on events, meaning even when it doesn't exist.

-The Gambler's Fallacy: Belief that the chance of something occurring depends on whether it has recently taken place.

-Loss Aversion: Tendency to be more sensitive to actual or potential losses than to gains

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1. Mental Shortcuts: What a person judges to  be true about a situation (heuristic)

2.Conjunction Fallacy: The error of believing specific conditions are more probable than a single general one

3. Availability Heuristic: Estimate the probability of a certain condition based on how many similar instances a person can recall.
*A human memory is limited. Recent dramatic events is mostly to stand out for people.

4. Anchoring effect: Tendency to consider all of the information available even when it's not important

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1.Functional Fixedness: It's a tendency to perceive objects as their purpose in which they were originally intended, meaning by some may fail to see them as a potential tool for problem solving.

2.Mental set: A tendency for one to persist in using problem-solving routine that have been successful in the past. This leads to one to not "think outside the box".

3.Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for evidence confirming one's beliefs and ignoring any evidence that goes against their beliefs.

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1.I can identify some obstacles to problem solve
2. I can identify some obstacles to make good judgements
3.I can identify some obstacles to decision making

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Example of strategies to retrieve memory

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Example of strategies to retrieve memory

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How can we improve our ability to retrieve memories?

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How can we improve our ability to retrieve memories?

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*When it comes storing information Long-term memory, there is no guarantee that one can retrieve that information again easily through either recognition or recall.

-There are different strategies are called "Mnemonic devices" or simply mnemonics.

1.Acronym: Easy to remember word constructed from the first letters of a lost of words to be remembered.

2.Acrostic: Easy to remember sentence in which the first letter of each word corresponds to the first letters of the words to be remembered.
3.Linking: A list which items to be remembered are linked in some ways.

4.Rhythmic Organization: Information to be remembered is organized in a rhyming & rhythmic pattern, sometimes set to a tune.

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-There are 2 forms of severe loss disorders caused by the problems in the functioning of the memory areas of the brain.
1.Retrograde amnesia: This type of amnesia (literally, "without memory") meaning it's the loss of memory from the point of injury backwards

2.Anterograde amnesia: The loss of memories from the point of injury or illness forward meaning one who has this type of amnesia have difficulty remembering anything new.

*Infantile amnesia: This type involves the type of memory that exists in the first few years of life

*Autobiographical memory: As children grow up and interacting with adults they will start to develop something called Autobiographical memory or the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story.

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What factors influence how memories are retrieved?

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What factors influence how memories are retrieved?

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-There are 2 kinds of retrieval of memories
1. Recall: A type of retrieval meaning the information getting retrieved must be "pulled" from one's memory with very few external cues
-Features within each kind of retrieval of memory is the serial position effect, primary effect, and recency effect.

2.Recognition: The ability to find connection by matching pieces of information or a stimulus to an image or fact that one already has knowledge of.
-Features within each kind of retrieval of memory is false positive, effortful encoding, automatic encoding, flashbulb memories, and mnemonic.

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1.What factors influence how memories are retrieved?
2.How does amnesia occur?
3.How can we improve our ability to retrieve memories?

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Long term memories are categorized into different types of memories.

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The memories goes through a process broken down into steps. It's different for long-term and short-term memories.

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-Semantic: Type of encoding in a emotional connection "what does it mean?"
-Acoustic: What you hear. "What does it sound like?"
-Visual: What you see equals likely to encode information. "What does it sound like?"

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1. Learn how the brain encodes memories
2. How is information stored in long-term memory?
3. Levels of processing (encoding)

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1. Encoding: Putting information into the memory system.
2. Storage: Keeping information in the memory system.
3. Retrieval: Pulling up information from memory

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Module 23: Pink
Module 24: Blue
Module 25: Green
Module 26: Purple