# data[].attributes.body
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

# data[].attributes.body
the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

# data[].attributes.body
one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

# data[].attributes.body
was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. Urban II was a native of France. He was a descendant of a noble family in Châtillon-sur-Marne.

# data[].attributes.body
the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

# data[].attributes.body
the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

# data[].attributes.body
Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

# data[].attributes.body
a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

# data[].attributes.body
an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines

# data[].attributes.body
the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

# data[].attributes.body
a system of land cultivation under which the common land is divided into three parts of which one or two in rotation lie fallow in each year and the rest are cultivated

# data[].attributes.body
a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

# data[].attributes.body
The Commercial Revolution consisted of the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century.

# data[].attributes.body
a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war.

# data[].attributes.body
a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

# data[].attributes.body
is a type of bow that is tall – roughly equal to the height of the user – allowing the archer a fairly long draw.

# data[].attributes.body
is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

# data[].attributes.body
identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

# data[].attributes.body
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink.

# data[].attributes.body
a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively.

# data[].attributes.body
an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period.

# data[].attributes.body
In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins".

# data[].attributes.body
the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

# data[].attributes.body
the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin

# data[].attributes.body
he 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.