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I chose this photo because it highlights some of the issues I get frustrated with and struggle with as a teacher: the portrayal of boys and girls so stereotypically represented, especially in a day and age where gender nonconformity is a reality.
(Sarah Downs)

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This advertisement shows the stereotype of women needing to be helpful and obedient to their husbands. ON the top it shows the husband about to hit his wife for misbehaving. This use of a stereotype is unrealistic and not tailored to how society has changed today.

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This tweet is a good representation of targeting a specific audience. The person who tweeted this probably didn't take a long time to write it, but he knew people would like it because it's satirical. He also chose a song that many people know and like. This made the tweet funny to people who are familiar with the song because they envisioned what it would be like. To someone who didn't know the song, the tweet might not be funny.
(Megan Magee)

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I chose this Photo due to the fact that this is what our Media wants us to see. This is not real it is clearly edited and they do it to make it look way better than it actually is just to sell their Calvin products. They should keep it Authentic not unrealistic.

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MM3: Messages have effects on people's attitudes and behaviors.

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MM3: Messages have effects on people's attitudes and behaviors.

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This advertisement that I chose is one that caused a lot of controversy when it first came out. It says "Are you beach body ready?" with a picture of an abnormally skinny girl in a bikini. This girl is so skinny that it is telling those who are actually skinny that they aren't good enough. It is honestly telling everyone who sees the ad that they aren't good enough and will never look like this which is the "perfect body for the beach." Also making anyone who sees it feel insecure the next time they go to the beach in a bikini. This ad is depicting an image that isn't possible yet is what guys and many companies expect women to look like.
(Carly Nasznic)

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RR3: Authority and authenticity are features of media messages that can be assessed. 

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RR3: Authority and authenticity are features of media messages that can be assessed. 

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A trending concept of “body positive” has become a prevalent topic in today’s social media. Whether it be messages or photos, users are skeptical over what is real/true and what is not. The photo below is of an ad from the company Aerie and I decided to focus more on the authenticity part of this concept. Aerie has been a front runner in the movement of body inclusive ads and stock. Not only is this ad authentic because it shows different body types, it also maintains that authority because of the reputation their company has built. I believe user’s demand for authority and authenticity will only grow from here.
(Sarah Callazzo)

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Photoshopped images can be quite deceiving online. Without more information on the picture an image as simple as this one could persuade someone to purchase this car after seeing the spiced up car on the right. Many companies exhibit this type of media literacy and can lead to a large problem of not showing the reality of the product.

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Karina Costello: MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors.

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Karina Costello: MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors.

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This advertisement that I chose is one of many that is in mainstream media today. You can view commercials on TV and Youtube, as well as advertisements to stop vaping and using Juuls. Many children and young adults have been using these devices out of popularity and the flavor choices that are available. With this advertisement, you immediately see a cloud of smoke and "Fuul," instead of "Juul," which you immediately relate to Juuling. The implication of this is to stop being foolish and get the facts behind your decisions. This was created to aim towards people who are currently vaping so they can realize the risks ahead of time before they cause their body any pain. Anti-big tobacco is now aiming towards the vaping effort to stop this and ban flavors from the United States.

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors. 

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors. 

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Movies can be emotional and thought provoking, leaving people evaluating their lives after they watch. In the movie "Wonder", a young boy suffers from a physically altering disease he was born with. He struggles to come to terms with himself around other kids, but eventually preservers. An emotionally wrenching movie like "Wonder" may leave people being thankful of the life they live, striving to be more accepting of others, or commending people for the way they handle their struggles. All of these could be examples of how the producers of this film wanted to impact their audience.
(Sophie Remick)

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Chase Reynolds: AA3: People make interpretations of messages that can be shaped by the context in which they experience them and the context in which they were produced. 

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Chase Reynolds: AA3: People make interpretations of messages that can be shaped by the context in which they experience them and the context in which they were produced. 

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The photo I chose was an advertisement that highlights a controversial media trend of the Black and Blue/White and Gold dress. At first, reading the caption "Why is it so hard to see Black and Blue," makes you on the surface believe the advertisement is about the dress, until you look deeper and understand the advertisement is promoting awareness of abuse. With this being said, people chose to believe what the message is about based on their knowledge or experience of abuse. This advertises more than one message about abuse, depending on how people chose the view the message but, but for me, it is about the fact that women- and/or men- can be subject to abuse without anyone else knowing it. This is a powerful message in my eyes because it makes you realize you don't always know what people are going through.

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Colleen Donahue:                    AA2: Authors target specific audiences. Authors can’t please everyone: to design effective communication, they mentally visualize a group of individuals with some common characteristics, attitudes or beliefs, targeting that audience with a carefully-designedmessage they hope will grab their attention and be perceived as valuable. 

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Colleen Donahue:                    AA2: Authors target specific audiences. Authors can’t please everyone: to design effective communication, they mentally visualize a group of individuals with some common characteristics, attitudes or beliefs, targeting that audience with a carefully-designedmessage they hope will grab their attention and be perceived as valuable. 

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An advertisement that demonstrates AA2 would be an article I saw on "Babe.com," a blog written by a young female whose audience is primarily young females, that was titled "I ate like Kim Kardashian for a week." Seeing as I am a nutrition major, I know there is no miracle diet that can transform all types of bodies to look like Kim Kardashian. The author of that article, I feel, is targeting the younger adult and teenage female population by using influential people with unattainable bodies to try or purchase a certain diet. In this diet, yes, whole foods are incorporated but it is overall a diet that is unsustainable and can lead to young girls feeling as if their bodies are inferior.

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AA4: Both authors and audiences add value to media messages as part of an economic and political system

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AA4: Both authors and audiences add value to media messages as part of an economic and political system

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An advertisement that illustrates AA4 well is Pepsi's controversial 2017 ad depicting a protest.  The ad was quickly taken down due to universal backlash against it.  During that time many news headlines were covering Black lives matter protests so it is clear that the ad was targeting this specific movement. The implication of the ad was basically that everyone should be peaceful and that people shouldn't protest. This made it seem like Pepsi's media team was belittling the message of Black lives matter and making light of the issues that movement is aiming to solve.
- Jason Gwozdz

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AA3: People make interpretations of messages that can be shaped by the context in which they experience them and the context in which they were produced.

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AA3: People make interpretations of messages that can be shaped by the context in which they experience them and the context in which they were produced.

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Messages can be conveyed in whichever way a person interprets it. Whether it's through experiences, stories or opinions, many messages are interpreted different ways. When Colin Kaepernick first kneeled during the National Anthem, there was a lot of controversy and talk about disrespect and what the real meaning was behind his actions. But as time went on, more people followed his actions and began to emphasize a specific message. Media made an effect on this action because of people's opinions and reasons for why they thought he kneeled. Experiences may effect this action because there are people who have more patriotism than others and they were more effected and offended by the actions.

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RR2: Messages use stereotypes to express ideas and information

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RR2: Messages use stereotypes to express ideas and information

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Fashion is an interesting way to examine some of these issues. Is the author the person who designed the piece, sewed it, wore it, or photographed it? In this photo Guapdad 4000 arrives at the Grammys wearing a durag, but it has a train attached to it. Durags have many stereotypical associations in our society, originally with poor African American women, then with rappers. Some schools have banned them for perceived connections to gang culture. In this twist, Guapdad 4000 adds a 10' train, giving an accessory associated with people doing manual labor or borderline criminal elements a regal touch. On the red  carpet, he  said, "The durag is a holy crown, only to be donned by the chosen kings." It's an example of using a stereotype and then breaking expectations.

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AA2. Authors target a specific audience.

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AA2. Authors target a specific audience.

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This advertisement stuck out to me because we have seen the other side of this message. Growing up, I remember seeing commercials on TV about smoking in which advertisements were targeting young people. In this image, it is the opposite message but being portrayed to potentially the same group of people. Those same people who may have grown up seeing the message of how "cool" smoking is, are now seeing the message of how dangerous it is. The message is a powerful one in which Tufts medical group depicts how one's actions are often mirrored.

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors.

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors.

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This may not have been an ad but it was part of a huge movie and book. This saying blew up and no matter where you see it now you think of the "The Fault in our Stars," by John Green. This book moves you and will make you sob; or at least it did for me. Every time someone sees this on a shirt, or a bag, or even a book cover they will be brought back to the feelings they had when they either read the book or watched the movie. (Toni Santillo)

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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When I read this theory, my mind started racing back to when I went to Haiti and saw first hand the kind of water these people were drinking. I remember coming home and doing research on how to get clean water to these people, and that's when I came across the organization Charity:Water. Nonprofits like this one need to use imagery to move people and get them to understand why their donation is important and why this cause matters. The picture below is one of many that Charity:Water uses to explain to people the kind of water third world countries are drinking. I find this moving because a lot of us take clean water for granted. We don't even think twice when we flush the toilet, run the dish washer, or shower, yet these people drink dirty water to try and fulfill the basic necessity of the body.

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AA4: Both authors and audiences add value to media messages as part of an economic and political system.  

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AA4: Both authors and audiences add value to media messages as part of an economic and political system.  

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Nike is an iconic company known for their celebrity endorsements and motivating advertisement campaigns.  Their choice to continue to choose Colin Kaepernick as a spokesperson/ subject of their ad campaigns is a calculated risk that they have decided to take.  This decision sits in the cross hairs of business, economics, and politics because of Colin Kaepernick's controversial protests.  Thus, the message of the advertisement gains its meaning from it's social context.  Nike makes deliberate decisions on how they portray him, and the audience will translate the message based on their understandings and biases.

- Alex David

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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When I read this concept,  my first thought was of those very sad commercials featuring animals in shelters that are dying/need to be adopted. So, the photo I have attached is from one of those commercials. In my opinion, this is a great example of how media and their messages can have so many effects on people's attitudes and behaviors. As for me, when I see these commercials my whole mood changes. Seeing them always leaves me upset and highly considering adopting a new dog.... and that is exactly their point!!

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RR3: Authority and authenticity are features of media messages that can be assessed

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RR3: Authority and authenticity are features of media messages that can be assessed

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With so much false information and so many unverifiable stories circulating on social media from bad sources, it is really important to be able to assess what is authentic. Accounts on Twitter and Instagram decided to approach this concept satirically by posting things most people should know is false. This image below depicts a situation where most people should know if you put a giant ball of metal in your microwave it will not end very well. However, Instagram took these posts too literally by implementing fact-checking on posts. This feature was added to prevent people from getting false information. It essentially backfired when the feature started targeting memes that are supposed to be satirical.
--Joe DeLeone

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors. 

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MM3: Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors. 

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This is a photo from a GREAT New York Times article about a production of "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" put on within the prison system in Colorado.  It is a testament to the power of media: the article focuses on how producing and acting in this play impacted the lives of the inmates, and as readers of this article and viewers of the photography included in the article, it impacted how my students and I viewed psychological impacts of incarceration and novel approaches to reducing recidivism.   (Julee Boland)

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Surfacing

Thirty Colorado inmates staged "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" for nearby prisons. For some, it was the first time in years they were outside 20-foot walls and razor fences.

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Inmates of Sterling Correctional Facility rehearsing "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest" before they performed the play at the Denver Women's Correctional Facility. Credit... Trent Davis Bailey for The New York Times

STERLING, Colo. - The cast was strip-searched before boarding the bus to their show. The leading man was shackled so tightly that he performed with abrasions on his wrists. And the moment the men finished their bows and the house lights came up, they had to slip out of costume and back into green prison uniforms.

So goes life on the road for a production of "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," put on by 30 medium-security inmates of the Sterling Correctional Facility, out on Colorado's remote eastern plains. While prison plays have been around for decades, the challenge of this show was audaciously new: It went on tour.

Over a week in September, the cast and crew took the play to a men's prison in the tiny town of Limon, Colo., and to a women's prison in Denver, a 130-mile bus ride from Sterling. Many in the audience had never read the Ken Kesey novel nor seen the Oscar-winning film adaptation starring Jack Nicholson, which tells the story of men inside a 1960s-era Oregon mental ward.

For the prison staff, the logistics of transporting a complicated set and 30 prisoners were daunting. For the cast and crew, the six-month journey into the play, through rehearsals and character studies and improv games, and then out beyond the prison walls, was transformative and surreal. It was the first time in years some had been outside Sterling's 20-foot walls and razor fences.

The show, produced by the University of Denver's Prison Arts Initiative, is part of a recent expansion of arts programs inside prisons and jails that dovetails with the movement to rethink a corrections system that now holds 2.2 million people in the United States.

Wendy Jason, the managing director of the Justice Arts Coalition, has counted nearly 350 arts programs behind bars nationwide, double the number that existed eight years ago. California spends $8 million each year on creative-writing workshops, Shakespeare classes and choral music in all 35 of its adult prisons. " Ear Hustle," an independently funded public-radio podcast about life inside San Quentin State Prison, is a blockbuster with 30 million downloads.

"People are looking for new ways to engage the system and to transform it from the inside out," Ms. Jason said. "Is it possible? That's one of the questions that keeps me up at night."

Advocates for prison arts - who now include many current and former inmates - say that learning to paint or performing a monologue can imbue humanity and purpose into the bleakness of life behind bars. Some studies have suggested that prison arts may reduce disciplinary actions inside prison, though it is unclear whether they and other rehabilitation programs reduce recidivism.

As the Sterling men's prison bus, lined with wire cages, plugged across the plains on the way to shows, some men got carsick from the unfamiliar speed of the road. They stared at new condos, new highways, new hospitals, new suburbs that had transformed the cityscape of Denver since they had been locked up.

"You see the cities and the lights," said Terry Mosley Jr., 39, who has been incarcerated since he was 18 for killing an 18-year-old in a fight outside a grocery store. "You don't get to see those horizon lines. It's just walls around you."

The shackling system that pinned their arms to their chests for the ride was called a "black box." The men said they had not realized that was the same name for a simple theater space.

As the men put together the set, each screw and bolt used to build it - the common room of a mental institution - had to be cataloged and tracked. The set panels - painted with signs saying, "Don't sit or stand," and "This is a therapeutic community" - could have fit the play's setting of a mental ward six decades ago, or an American prison in 2019.

"To build something like this in prison - you have no idea of what it means," said Vern Moter, 51, who is serving 24 years for fraud and was part of the stage crew.

The men worked with limited supplies to create their props. Rolled-up paper became cigarettes. A box of Little Debbie cakes was painted into a Marlboro carton. The plastic screw-top of instant coffee became an ashtray.

Before the show in Denver, while the men paced the stage to get into character and checked out the acoustics, their run-throughs were interrupted by corrections officers doing their regular head count of prisoners.

"We're in new territory," said Ashley Hamilton, who directed the play and runs the Prison Arts Initiative. (She and two actresses from the University of Denver played the show's female characters, including the villainous Nurse Ratched.)

Ms. Hamilton said she was astonished that the state's Department of Corrections, which houses about 20,000 inmates, allowed her to direct a play that offers such a clear condemnation of institutionalization. In the last scene, Chief Bromden, one of the patients, smashes through the grates on a window and escapes to freedom.

For Dean Williams, the executive director of the Department of Corrections, bringing artists and audience members into prison was part of a strategy to make life inside prison as similar as possible to life outside. It is called normalization, an idea inspired by Scandinavian countries where inmates cook their own food, interact with people from the outside and have a less adversarial relationship with corrections officers.

"There's a few of us leading these systems who realize that something's wrong," Mr. Williams said. "We've made prison a place of starkness, idleness, a place without purpose. Then we're confused where people get out and they don't make it. I think that is on us."

It is a delicate subject in Colorado. In 2013, a corrections director, widely praised for his dedication to reforms here, was assassinated by a paroled prisoner with ties to a white-supremacist prison gang. As the cast and crew prepared for "Cuckoo's Nest," a few said that corrections officers asked the men why anyone convicted of violent crimes should have a spotlight and applause.

Several of the inmates said the play allowed them to feel human again. They marveled at being allowed to shake hands with the state officials, lawyers and arts advocates who attended the show. The men said that delving into the "Cuckoo's Nest" characters - many of them broken and traumatized - had forced them to look inside themselves as well.

"This whole thing is some weird dream," said Christopher Shetskie, who is serving a life sentence without parole for murdering two women in 1995 and 1996, according to newspaper accounts at the time. He played a doctor in the play.

Amy Mund, who was tied to a bed in her home by Mr. Shetskie before he killed her sister Karen, did not believe he should have the privilege of performing with the troupe.

"He brutally murdered two young vibrant ladies in the prime of their lives," Ms. Mund said in an email. "I question why he is allowed to participate in plays and travel outside the confines of the prison. As a victim of a violent crime, that does not sound like justice to me."

Her father, Harold Mund, said of Mr. Shetskie: "I wish him no severe problems, but I also don't think I want to see him ever in public life."

Mr. Shetskie said he knew he could not undo his crimes.

"What I have done is tear that person out of the ground, roots and all," he said. "Maybe through something like this, there's a chance for them to forgive us."

Produced by Alicia DeSantis, Jolie Ruben, Josephine Sedgwick and Amanda Webster.

Surfacing is a weekly column that explores the intersection of art and life.

Trent Davis Bailey is a photographer based in Denver, Colo.

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Surfacing Thirty Colorado inmates staged "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" for nearby prisons. For some, it was the first time in years they were outside 20-foot walls and razor fences. STERLING, Colo. - The cast was strip-searched before boarding the bus to their show.

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In this meme, Dolly Parton (or her social media manager) is relying on her audience to interpret meaning based on their contextual knowledge of LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, and Tinder. If we didn't know the difference between LinkedIn and Tinder or how they're used, we wouldn't get the message. Additionally, Dolly is making use of stereotypes for each platform (RR2) for humor.

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So much of the content I read online is clearly tailored for 50-ish female librarians who love Parks and Rec.* I know that the algorithm that knows my deepest secrets is responsible for me coming across this stuff, but I am also far more likely to click on something that is made for readers, or movie freaks or adults who love Legos.  The internet is wonderful for helping you find others who have similar identities, but it is also horrible for allowing you to stay in that bubble if you're not careful.
-Barb Fecteau
* Ron Swanson on literature - “Metaphors? I hate metaphors. That’s why my favorite book is Moby Dick. No frufu symbolism, just a good simple tale about a man who hates an animal."

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 Messages use stereotypes to express ideas and information. 

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 Messages use stereotypes to express ideas and information. 

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This image takes a typical gender stereotype and flips it. Media is powerful because it can reinforce stereotypes (racial, gender, cultural, language, religious, etc.). At the same time, media holds the power to challenge or even stop perpetuating stereotypes.  We are all familiar with certain stereotypes and have probably been stereotypes or pre-judged based on our genders, races, or culture. Consider, how does the media you consume perpetuate, reinforce, or even challenge stereotypes? This image challenges us to reconsider what men and women are capable of and what they "should" be doing.
- Mary Kate Lonergan

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Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors.

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Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors.

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I selected this ad from Target showcasing two men getting married with a large caption stating "Be yourself, together". This Target ad had many interpretations and meanings. An obvious interpretation we can analyze is shock and affect which challenges people's attitudes and interpretaton. Many people are still sensitive to homosexuality and this can risk current and future customers. No one expected Target, which is considered a family store, to showcase a gay married couple on an ad which created a lot of conversations which is a shock. The effect stems from Target wanted to let their consumers know that they support the LGBTQ community specifically gay marriage. Especially during the time the ad was released in 2011 when their was a federal ban on same-sex marriages.
-Quinna Van

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Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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I selected this advertisement from Old Spice because it conveys a message that has the immediate superficial effect of laughter that is unique  enough to stick with an audience when recalling the product. In doing this, Old Spice uses entertainment as a social influence that sparks conversation about the product and ultimately makes it one of the first brands thought of when discussing mens deodorant/body wash.
- Isabelle Kiritsy

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I chose this photo because it targets people who enjoy winter skiing and adventure. Tanger Outlets is offering a winter giveaway including three days stay, roundtrip airfare, a complete ski package and a $500 shopping spree for one lucky person who follows the Tanger Outlets Instagram page. This is an effective tactic to gain followers because people love free giveaways.
- Caroline Morganelli

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Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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Messages have effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors

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This advertisement is meant to have a specific effect on the viewers attitude and therefore their behavior. By using the image and words chosen, the author is hoping to make the viewer feel sad for the boy in the picture and consequently more willing to donate to Unicef.
- Cassie Krue

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Messages use stereotypes to express ideas and information. 

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Messages use stereotypes to express ideas and information. 

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I chose this New Yorker cartoon because it shows a stereotype of a type-A woman who even has to multi-task during yoga while simultaneously poking fun at the stereotype.  Cartoons often deal in stereotypes as a way to simplify and quickly communicate an idea while holding it up for humor.

- Suzanne Larson

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I chose this photo because it appeals to college students when they are buying stuff for there dorm rooms. This ad makes students think they should shop there because they see the lower deals, thinking they need to buy it immediately.

-Lauren Tinkham

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Authority and authenticity are features of media messages that can be assessed.

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Authority and authenticity are features of media messages that can be assessed.

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I chose this picture just to portray that with today's technology we have every reason to question authenticity. Programs like Photoshop are good examples of how people can alter images to change reality.
-Michelle Perry

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People make interpretations of messages that can be shaped by the context in which they experience them and the context in which they were produced

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People make interpretations of messages that can be shaped by the context in which they experience them and the context in which they were produced

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I chose this advertisement because it shows an olympic runner and it is advertising puma shoes. The idea is that people will see this and believe that if they also get puma shoes, they will also be an athlete.
-Sydney Pellerin

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I chose this advertisement that was created to make young children want to have the toys in the magazine. The bright colors and fun pictures aim to grab the attention of young kids.

- Rebecca Rancourt

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For my post I chose this old ad regarding a skin cream that makes older women look young. The author is targeting older women with wrinkles to buy their product and grab their attention.
Samantha Aguiar