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What years did the Romantic Period in America take place?
The Romantic Period took place from 1800 to 1840.

What was important to the Romantics? In what important ways was the beliefs of Romantics different from Deists?
Romantics believed in the natural goodness of humans.Nature was important to the Romantics because nature had to do with the fact that they were living and writing at the time of the Industrial Revolution. Deists believe in God and that he controls the world but that he doesn't change what happens afterwards.
What did authors from this time period mainly focus on in their writing? Authors during the Romantic Period focused their writing on emotion,nature,imagination.

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What is Gothic literature?
Gothic literature is writing that employs dark and picturesque scenery, startling and melodramatic narrative devices, and an overall atmosphere of exoticism, mystery, fear, and dread.
Why was it also referred to as Dark Romanticism?
It was also referred to as Dark Romanticism because

What ideas and themes did these authors focus on in their writing?
Major themes authors focused on were revolution, democracy,  republicanism, and most importantly nature. Authors wanted to show imagination and the power of the mind so it can show inspiration.
Who are some of the more famous Gothic writers to come out of this literary period?
There were many famous writers but Paul was the one who stood out from everybody.Paul Murray is an Irish diplomat and writer. His biography of Lafcadio Hearn won the Koizumi Yakumo literary prize in Japan in 1995. Some other known names were Horace Walpole , Ann Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis .These were all famous gothic writers during this time period.

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What is Transcendentalism and how is the same and different from Romanticism?
Transcendentalism is the power of knowledge to transcend intellectual growth and spirituality. It is the same from romanticism because they both include some type of inspiration. They are different because romanticism was created in the 18th century and transcendentalism was created in the 19th century.
What was important to Transcendentalists?
Transcendentalists believe that society and its institutions corrupt the purity of the individual.
Transcendentalists were just as much about what they were against than what what they were for, so what were some ideas that Transcendentalists against?
The transcendentalists were against women's rights, abolition, reform, and education.
Who are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau? What were their philosophical and literary contributions to Transcendentalism?
Ralph Waldo Emerson was the father of American Literature. He changed the way that America saw its cultural and artistic possibilities. His abjection of cultural traditions brought about what one contemporary called "America's intellectual declaration of independence" Henry David Thoreau was an unemployed writer who lived alone in the woods and refused to pay his taxes. He reminds us about the simplicity, authenticity and downright disobedience. He published a book in 1854 titled "Life in the Woods".

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https://www.thoughtco.com/gothic-literature-2207825
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/culture-miscellaneous/difference-between-romanticism-and-transcendentalism/