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Journal: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. "Protein that inhibits the development of autoimmune diseases discovered." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 August 2017. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170815095907.htm>.
This Journal gives a brief and clear explanation of the process within the immune system that triggers autoimmune diseases, as well as how research fo the aetiology of autoimmune diseases is still on going as it is complex.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmue Diseases:

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmue Diseases:

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Journal : Ilza Salamunić. Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases – new technologies, old dilemmas. Biochemia Medica2010;20(1):45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2010.006

Gives a brief overview as to what autoimmune diseases are, as well as introduces a few techniques used  to diagnosed autoimmune disease.
Gives me a good foundation for the comparison of techniques. As well as that, it allows for me to conclude whether the use of antibodies is more or less efficient than other diagnostic tests.
e.g: ANA. ELISA immunoassays. etc

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This Table shows the two different classifications of Autoimmune Diseases, as well as what diseases fall within each category. This gives us a rough idea as to how complex diagnosis using antibodies would be as each disease would have specific antibodies present but, thos antibodies can also be present within other disease results.

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Journal: Satoh M, Mercado MV-D, Chan EKL. Clinical interpretation of antinuclear antibody tests in systemic rheumatic diseases. Modern rheumatology / the Japan Rheumatism Association. 2009;19(3):219-228. doi:10.1007/s10165-009-0155-3.

This journal shows that Antibody use is not specfic as one test does not immediatley give a straight positive or negative an does not determine the cause of the disease. This means that different assays are required to identify multiple different autoantibodies within a patient (SLE). Therefore, more tests need to be run.

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Specific example of an Autoimmune disease: What it is, how it is detected and what specific antibodies are detected.

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Specific example of an Autoimmune disease: What it is, how it is detected and what specific antibodies are detected.

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Journal: Apoptosis in Autoimmune Diseases

Katsumi EGUCHI

Released 2006/03/27

Internal Medicine
Vol. 40 (2001) No. 4 P 275-284

Systemic Lupus Erthyamatosus (SLE). This journal outlines: what lupus is, how it occurs, how it is classified as an autoimmune disease and what different antiboies are expected to be detetcted.

My essay will be written and analysed from the detction/use of antibodies within an indivudal with SLE.

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Website: https://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Diseases-Conditions/Antinuclear-Antibodies-ANA

The website presented was used to get a thorough understanding of what ANAs are, what the results would look like and what they would mean.

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Website: https://www.anapatterns.org/nuclear_patterns.php

This website explains the different stages of ANAs formation and hiow that differes from normal antibodies. This process is crucial as it allows for the detection of ANAs and differentiation between normal antibodies and ANAs.

This information allows for me tohave a greater understand as to what ANAs actually are and how they are identified as malfunctioning antibodies.

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Website: https://www.lupusresearch.org/understanding-lupus/diagnosis-and-treatment/ana-testing/

This website confirms that antibody testing is beneficial as it narrows down your findings, but does not actually give you a result. It futher proves that due to antibodies being present within the immune system, they can be misidentifed and lead to false positives as responses can be caused by infections aswell as other diseases.

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Article: Patient education: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (Beyond the Basics)

This article explains the results of ANA testing, what to expect for different autoimmune diseases and how to interpret the results obtained. Giving me a clear understanding as to how detecting antiobodies is essential and what that says.

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Website:
http://www.elisa-antibody.com/ELISA-applications

The information presented on this website gives an breif summary as to what ELISA tests are and how they work.
Within the diagnosis of autoimmune disease, via the use of antibodies, ELISA's are used alongside ANA testing. This allows for the count of antibodies detected within and ANA to be determined.

The graph shows how data from an ELISA would be collected in order to determine the titer. Further information is however required to calculate the final titer.

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The disadvantages of the use of antibodies

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The disadvantages of the use of antibodies

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Journal: Castro C, Gourley M. Diagnostic Testing and Interpretation of Tests for Autoimmunity. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S238-S247. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.041.

This article underlines that the diagnosis of autoimmune disease is not as simple as looking at antibodies, but requires multiple other diagnostic test, ranging from full blood counts to inflammation and organ failure tests, due to the symptoms and effects of autoimmune diseases.

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Website: https://www.everydayhealth.com/autoimmune-disorders/diagnosing-an-autoimmune-disorder.aspx

Aswell as identifying the types of antibodies present within an indivdual, other diagnostic tests are essential in actually pinning down the type of autoimmune disease. These test include: C-reactive protein (CRP), which helps identify areas of inflammation and tests that detect organ failure, as different organs are affected with different autoimmune diseases.