# data[].attributes.body
Technology improvements and increased crop productivity

# data[].attributes.body
wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.

# data[].attributes.body
Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and use of steam power

# data[].attributes.body
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

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The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England

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Why did workers organize into labor unions? 

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Why did workers organize into labor unions? 

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Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor

Introduction of reforms to end child labor

Expansion of education

Women’s increased demands for suffrage

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How did the Industrial Revolution affect slavery?

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How did the Industrial Revolution affect slavery?

# data[].attributes.body
The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.

The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

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How did the Industrial Revolution impact the lives of women, children and the family?

# data[].attributes.subject
How did the Industrial Revolution impact the lives of women, children and the family?

# data[].attributes.body
Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system

Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages

Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high

Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

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What were some theories opposed to capitalism?

# data[].attributes.subject
What were some theories opposed to capitalism?

# data[].attributes.body
Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital

Response to the injustices of capitalism

Importance to communists of redistribution of wealth

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What was the role of capitalism and market competition in the Industrial Revolution? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What was the role of capitalism and market competition in the Industrial Revolution? 

# data[].attributes.body
Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities

Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class

Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

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How did the Industrial Revolution produce changes in culture and society?

# data[].attributes.subject
How did the Industrial Revolution produce changes in culture and society?

# data[].attributes.body
Population increase
Increased standards of living for many but not all

Improved transportation

Urbanization

Environmental pollution

# data[].attributes.headline
Why did the spread of industrialization to Europe and the United States accelerate colonialism and imperialism?

# data[].attributes.subject
Why did the spread of industrialization to Europe and the United States accelerate colonialism and imperialism?

# data[].attributes.body
Spread to Europe and the United States

Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries

Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement

Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries

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Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England?

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Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England?

# data[].attributes.body
Originated in England because of its natural resources (e.g., coal, iron ore) and the invention and improvement of the steam engine