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Connective tissues - a group of tissues, consisting of a sparse population of cells scatered through an extracellular matrix, holds other tissues and organs together in define place.

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Consist of:

1. web of fibres embedded in a liquid/jellylike/solid foundation;

2. cells

-fibroblasts (secrete fiber proteins)
-macrophages (engulf foreign particles)

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Collagenous (strength and flexibility)

Reticular (joining of tissues to the adjacent one)

Elastic (elasticity)

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In vertebrates, the most common type of connective tissue is loose connective tissue. It serves as a kind of packaging material between other tissues.

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Structure：

1.Gel like matrix with all three fiber types present

2.Three cell types present

-Mast cells: produce heparin and histamine

-Macrophages: are “big easters”. They eat bacteria and dead or dying cells.

-Fibroblasts: fiber builders.

Location：

1. It may be found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body.

2. The areolar tissue is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath

the epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.

Function：

1.Wraps and cushions organs .

2.Macrophages phagocytize bacteria .

3.Holds and conveys tissue fluid

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Contains large amounts of collagen fibers and few cells or matrix material.

The fibers can be arranged irregularly or regularly with the strands lined up in parallel.

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Has high tensile strength, dense connective tissue - binds various tissues together to form organs and passively translates mechanical forces in all directions without tearing

Found in areas of the body where stress occurs from all directions, such as:

the dermis of the skin

the walls of large tubular organs

in glandular tissue

in organ capsules

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found in tendons (which connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (which connect bones to bones).

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Adipose tissue is a specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.

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Structure:

1.Adipocytes( fat filled cells) are ring shaped cells filled with tryglycerides.

2.Has a chicken wire appearance.

Location :

Found around organs, joints, surrounding the eyeball, within the abdomen.

Function:

1. Shock absorption

2. Energy storage

3. Protection

4. Insulation

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Main features

Dense matrix, containing:

– deposits of calcium salts  (2/3 of bone matrix is calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2)
- 1/3 of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen+noncollagenous proteins including osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, fibronectin and bone sialoprotein II, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth factors )

Bone cells (only 2 % of bone mass) within lacunae organized around blood vessels

Canaliculi

– form pathways for blood vessels
– exchange nutrients and wastes
-- the central is Haversian canal

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Four types of cells:

Osteoblasts (formation of bones)- 4-6%

Osteoclasts (resorb or break down the bone)

Osteocytes ( mature bone cells) - 90-95%

Osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells)

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• Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
• Live in lacunae
• Are between layers (lamellae) of matrix
• Connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamellae
• Do not divide
Functions:
• To maintain protein and mineral content of
matrix
• To help repair damaged bone

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• Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds
(osteogenesis)

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• Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce
osteoblasts
• Are located in inner, cellular layer of periosteum
(endosteum)
• Assist in fracture repair

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• Secrete acids and proteindigesting enzymes
• Giant, mutlinucleate cells
• Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
(osteolysis)
• Are derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

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a). Compact bone (consists of closely packed osteons or Haversian systems which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix)
b).Spongy (Cancellous) Bone (is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow).

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1. A central tube called a Haversian Canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves.
The Haversian Canal is surrounded by alternate layers of:

2. Lamellae (the word lamellae literally means "little plates") are concentric rings of a strong matrix formed from mineral salts including calcium and phosphates and collagen fibres. The mineral salts result in the hardness of the bone structure, while the collagen fibres contribute its strength.

3. Lacunae are the small spaces between the lamellae in which contain the bone cells (called "osteocytes") are located.

4. The lacunae are linked together by minute channels called canaliculi.
The canaliculi provide routes by which nutrients can reach the osteocytes and waste products can leave them.

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Spongy Bone does not include osteons.

Instead, spongy bone consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns of matrix called trabeculae (literally "little beams"), which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi. The spaces between the trabeculae of some spongy bones are filled with red bone marrow (in some also yellow marrow contains

Blood vessels from the periosteum (see diagram above-right), penetrate into the trabeculae lattice allowing the osteocytes in the trabeculae to receive nourishment from the blood passing through the marrow cavities.

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Compact:

1. formation of outer lay of bones

2. formation of most structure of "long bones"

Spongy:

1. formation of inner layers of bones

2. formation of heads along bones

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storage of minerals

support

Compact

1. protection

2. support

Spongy

1. storage of red marrow and therefore production of blood cells

2. storage of yellow marrow and therefore it is procure organism by source of chemical energy

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Main features:

dense matrix of collagen fibres and elastic fibres embedded in a rubbery gelatinous ground substance called chondroitin sulphate

avascular (lack of blood vessels)

non-regenerative

consist of cells 2 types: chondroblasts (mesenchymal progenitor cells) and chondrocytes

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1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage (fibrous)

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Chondroblasts (chondroplasts) - immature cells - mesenchymal progenitor cells, usually have a perichondrium
Functions: give a rise to chondrocytes and components of the extracellular matrix;
Chondrocytes - matured and differentiated cells of chondroblasts,  specialized cells found in the matrix cavities called lacunae
Functions: synthesis, maintainance and remodelling of the extracellular matrix

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made of protein fibers are large and predominantly collagen distinctive

have relatively small nuclei and often demonstrate lipid droplets in their cytoplasm

glassy appearance

weakest of the three types of cartilage

have perichondrium

found inside of joints and inside the respiratory system ( nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings), at the end of the ribs, in the embryonic skeleton

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the chondrocytes are found in a threadlike network with many elastic fibres in addition of collagen within the matrix

fibres are clearly visible

Usually have a perichondreum

Strength and elastic, maintain shape

yellowish in colour

Found in: outer ear, larynx, epiglottis, pharyngotympanic (eusatachian) tubes

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contains collagen fibers arranged in layered arrays

more open or spongey architecture with gaps between lacunae and collagen fiber bundles

the strongest one, a good shock-absorbing material

does not have a perichondrium

found in the menisci of the stifle joint, symphyses (e.g., the pelvic symphysis), the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and where ligaments and tendons attach to hyaline cartilage surfaces of joints

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Hyaline cartilage tissue provides smooth surfaces, enabling tissues to move/slide easily over each other, e.g. facilitating smooth movements at joints. It is also provides flexibility and support.
Elastic cartilages provides support to surrounding structures and helps the define and maintain the shape of the area in which it is present, e.g. the external ear.
Fibrocartilage tissue provides support and rigidity to attached/surrounding structures and is the strongest of the three types of cartilage.

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Has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma ( consists of water, salts and dissolved proteins)

Considered a connective tissue :

1- Has the same embryonic origin as the other connective tissue types: Mesoderm -the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo (from it are derived the connective tissue)
2- Blood connects the body systems together.

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Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - carry oxygen

Leukocytes (white blood cells) - functions in defence

Thrombocytes or Platelets (cell fragments) - aid in blood clotting

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Transportation

Transporting important nutrients, hormones and materials around the body.

Such as delivering nutrients and glucose generated by the organs of the digestive system

Collecting metabolic waste from up and down the body and take it to the kidneys for excretion.

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Protection

Protecting the body from the threat of infections and disease-causing bacteria.

The white blood cells produce antibodies and proteins.

The platelets handle the task of limiting blood loss in the wake of an injury by helping the blood to clot quickly.

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Regulation

Oversees the temperature of the body and maintains it. (vasodilation and vasoconstriction)

Controls the pH balance.

Regulates the levels of water and salt required by each cell of the body.

Controls the blood pressure

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