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Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press

The Bible was printed in English, French, and German

These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance

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Annul- to cancel or set aside

Mary I- daughter of Henry VIII, made England Catholic again and persecuted protestants

Recant- to take back one's opinion

Henry VIII-king of England, established himself as the head of the Christian Church

Dissenter- a member of nonestablished church

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Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome:

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Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome:

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Merchant wealth challenged the Church's view of usury

German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church

The Church's great political power and wealth caused conflict

Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict

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Martin Luther:

The Lutheran tradition

Views: salvation by faith alone, bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

Actions: expansion of the Protestant Church

John Calvin:

The Calvinist tradition

Views: predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic

Actions: expansion of the Protestant Movement

King Henry VII:

Views: dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

Actions: divorced, broke with Rome, headed the national church in England, appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Queen Elizabeth I:

Anglican Church

Tolerance of dissenters

Expansion of colonialism

Victory over Spanish Armada (1588)

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Reformation in Germany:

Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states

The Hapsburg Family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church

Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars

Reformation in France:

Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked)

Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Year's War from a religious to a political conflict

Counter- Reformation:

The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices

The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world

The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine

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Growth of Secularism

Growth of individualism

Eventual growth of religious tolerance