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Arabia is mostly a desert land, and it lies near the intersection of Africa, Asia, and Europe. It lies in an area that has hot, dry air. There are huge sand dunes that cover large parts of Arabia. The water that is in Arabia is mainly found in oases.

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Abu Bakr was the first Caliph, and he was a father-in-law to Muhammad. He ruled from A.D. 632-634. He had a career as a merchant. Some of his achievements as a Caliph were that he spread Islam to all of Arabia and he restored peace after the death of Muhammad.

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Umar was the second Caliph, and was a friend to Muhammad. He ruled from A.D. 634 to 644 and had a career as a merchant. His achievements as a Caliph included spreading Islam to Syria, Egypt, and Persia, and he redesigned the government.

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Uthman was the 3rd Caliph, and he was Muhammad's son-in-law. He ruled from A.D. 644 to 656, and had a career as a merchant. His achievements as Caliph were that he spread Islam into Afghanistan and eastern Mediterranean, and he organized a navy.

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Ali was the 4th Caliph, and was Muhammad's first cousin and son-in-law. He ruled from A.D. 656-661, and had a career as a soldier and writer. His achievements as Caliph were that he reformed tax collection and other government systems, and spent most of his reign fighting Muawiya.

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The Umayyad Empire ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 C.E. They expanded the Islamic Empire into one of the biggest empires in history. One  of their leaders, Abd al Rahman, established a kingdom in Spain and continued to rule it well. Their downfall happened because of a rival clan, the Abbasids, who overthrew the Umayyad Empire and took control.

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The Abbasid Empire ruled in two periods of time. They ruled from 750-1258 C.E., and then ruled again from 1261-1517 C.E. They ruled lands like the Middle East, western Asia, and northeast Africa. Abul `Abbas al-Saffah was one of the first leaders of the Abbasid Empire, and he led the fight against the Umayyad Empire. Their fall happened because of the Ottoman Empire who conquered the Abbasid Empire.

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The Ottoman Empire ruled from 1299 to 1923. It was founded by Osman I, the leader of the Ottoman Empire, in 1299. The Ottoman Empire would be the largest and powerful empires for the next several hundred years. Their downfall began to happen in the late 1600s, and the empire fell apart. The Republic of Turkey then becomes a country in 1923.