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The Lindow Man was the center of a controversy in 2008 and 2009 when it was put on display in Manchester England.  The controversy was centered around different interpretations of the Lindow Man’s death, and a panel of eight was put together to talk about the different theories and their personal beliefs on the cause of death.  Though the display in 08-09 was not the first time that Lindow Man had been on display, the last 25 years had seen changes in the way that the world view the bodies of the dead.  The Manchester Museum, where the new display was held, was trying to peak public interest and debate about the treatment of the dead and was loaned the Lindow Man for a year.  And though there were some who were confused or disturbed by this, a large portion of the public believed that the Museum had done an admirable job (Sitch 2009).  Another controversy that surrounded the display of the Lindow Man in Manchester centered around an offering box that was placed with the body.  And though there were many who did leave offerings for the dead man, the fact that a box was placed there was criticized because of conflicting religious beliefs for the Lindow Man and those who were visiting him (Sitch 2009).

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The Lindow Man was discovered near Manchester UK in 1984, only a year after a similar body of a women was found at the same bog site called Lindow Marsh. The body was dubbed "Pete Marsh" by journalist during the media sensation following his monumental discovery. It is the best preserved bog body which...

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significant for study is that the hair, skin, and several of his integral organs were preserved. The body and surrounding section of peat were removed whole and taken away for study by a team led by British Museum scientists. Once safe in a laboratory it was the focus of analysis and has caused a great deal of excitement, producing an unprecedented investigation.

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The Lindow Man (officially Lindow III) is the top half of a male body, found preserved in a peat bog in Cheshire, England.

The peat bogs at Lindow Moss date back to the last ice age and were formed by holes of melting ice; they are now a tenth of their original size. Bogs often lead to the preservation of organic materials, particularly human remains, being acidic, cold, and devoid of oxygen. The brown colour of the skin, leathery texture, and appearance of human remains preserved in a bog are due to a type of moss that grows in bogs and when dead, lets out a substance that causes a tanning process.

During 1980s CE a series of finds were made at Lindow Moss by workers at a peat shredding mill (peat was then being harvested as fuel). These discoveries were small parts of the human anatomy, for example, a head known as the Lindow Woman and several limbs of other individuals. The most famous, largest, and important of these discoveries is the top half of a male body (the bottom half possibly lost when a digger cut up the bog) found in the summer of 1984 CE and called the Lindow Man. What is noticeable about this example and significant for study is that the hair, skin, and several of his integral organs were preserved. The body and surrounding section of peat were removed whole and taken away for study by a team led by British Museum scientists. Once safe in a laboratory it was the focus of analysis and has caused a great deal of excitement, producing an unprecedented investigation.

Once safe in a laboratory it was the focus of analysis and has caused a great deal of excitement, producing an unprecedented investigation.

The beard, sideburns, and moustache made it instantly clear that the body was male. By calculating the length of his upper arm bone, it was estimated that he would have been between 1.68 m and 1.73 m tall. He was also well built, weighing around 64 kg. He was radiocarbon dated to between 2 BCE and 119 CE and was about 25 years old at the time of death. He was unclothed, apart from a fox fur armband. Using scanning electron microscopy researchers found that his hair and beard had been trimmed with a pair of scissors or shears. It is thought that he did not do any rough work or hard labour, based on his nails which were all manicured. Although the acid in the bog had removed all of the enamel from his teeth, there were no visible cavities, and what was left looked normal. Overall he appears to have been fairly healthy, but had slight osteoarthritis and an infestation of parasitic worms. It has even been possible to discover his blood group, O. Food residue discovered in his upper alimentary tract shows that his last meal was a griddle cake made from wheat and barley.

The reasons and cause of death have caused debate between scholars. There are signs of two blows to the top of the head with a heavy and bladed weapon and also a knife wound to the throat. There is also evidence for a blow to the back, by a broken rib. He had a thin cord around his neck which may have been used to strangle and break his neck, but some have argued that it was simply a necklace, because it is knotted in a decorative manner. Once dead he was placed face down in the bog. This horrific death may have been a ritual killing, a human sacrifice carried out, perhaps by the Druids. Or he could have been executed as a criminal or murdered by thieves, or if he was someone of stature, by his enemies. It is almost impossible to know for sure why he died, but the Lindow Man has provided valuable information and been subjected to more tests than any other ancient human being.

He was conserved by immersing him in a mixture of polyethylene glycol to prevent shrinking and then wrapped in cling film, frozen, and then finally freeze-dried. He is now on display in the British Museum.

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The Lindow Man (officially Lindow III) is the top half of a male body, found preserved in a peat bog in Cheshire, England. The peat bogs at Lindow Moss date back to the last ice age and were formed by holes of melting ice; they are now a tenth of their original size.

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A bog is a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire, and muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens. They are frequently covered in ericaceous shrubs rooted in the sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a carbon sink.

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Maybe Andy Mould had a special knack that most people don't have. Or maybe it was just a coincidence. But in 1983 and then again in 1984, he found human remains in an English peat bog known as Lindow Moss. The first time, he had found the head (mostly a skull with little skin or brain remaining) of a woman.

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information about the bog body known as Lindow Man @ MummyTombs.com

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Thirty years ago, a peat cutter working in the Cheshire countryside spotted what he thought was a piece of wood trundling along a conveyor belt.

Tasked with the job of keeping the belt free of debris, he threw it away, but as it hit the ground, the dirt fell from it and the remains of a human leg lay in the summer sun.

That gruesome discovery on 1 August 1984 led to Rick Turner, the newly-appointed county archaeologist, being called to the site on Lindow Moss.

He says what followed were "the most exciting days of my archaeological career".

"I was taken out on to the moss and shown where the previous day's peat had been taken from," he says.

"Walking the uncut sections, I found a flap of dark, tanned skin projecting from below.

"Reporting my discovery to the police, we agreed I would be given a day to excavate the remains."

On 6 August, the site was recorded and sampled, the limits of the remains were established and "Lindow Man was lifted - within his block of surrounding peat - on his way to international celebrity", Mr Turner says.

'First bog body'

A spokeswoman for the British Museum, where the body is kept, says it was "one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 1980s [which] caused a media sensation".

"Conserved for nearly 2,000 years by the acidic, anaerobic conditions, it was possible to make out his facial features, a distinctive furrowed brow with close-cropped hair and beard," she said.

"For the first time, it was possible to see the face of a person from Britain's prehistoric past."

As Mr Turner puts it, "bog bodies always have produced a remarkable response in those lucky enough to find them and those who see them preserved in museums".

"He was hailed as Britain's first bog body, to match the famous examples from Denmark, such as Tollund and Grauballe Man."

He said interest in the bodies came from the fact they "appear to have cheated death [to] give us a remarkable insight into our late prehistoric past".

Examinations of Lindow Man showed he was in his 20s, of average height, well-built and in good health. Closer inspections have shown he suffered from intestinal parasites and his last meal was unleavened bread.

Radiocarbon dating has put his death, which was extremely violent, as being sometime in the 1st Century AD.

'Killed by garrotting'

Despite so much being learnt, according to the University of Manchester's Professor Anthony Jones, who has led a walk across Lindow Moss to mark the 30th anniversary of Lindow Man's disinterment, there are still questions to be answered.

"We know he was killed by blows to the head, garrotting, swallowing mistletoe and then drowning in the waters of the peat bog.

"But we don't know for certain why he was killed or whether he was willing."

Theories about his demise have formed the backbone for several exhibitions, though the most recent one - at Manchester Museum in 2008 - took a different view.
Lindow Man's life

About 25 years old, 1.7m (5ft 6ins) tall and weighed 60-65kg (9.5-10st)

Had done very little hard, manual work, because his fingernails were well manicured

His beard and moustache had been cut by a pair of shears

His last meal probably included unleavened bread made from wheat and barley, cooked over a fire on which heather had been burnt

Bryan Sitch, the museum's curator of archaeology, says Lindow Man was "deliberately divorced from interpretation [with] visitors encouraged to make up their own minds from the information available".

He says the exhibition included "the personal testimony of a forensic scientist, a landscape archaeologist, two museum curators, a former peat worker, a resident of the Lindow community and a Pagan [to show] the wide variety of meanings and interpretations".

As a result, alongside a selection of Iron Age artefacts, the museum displayed laboratory equipment used to study of an ancient body, spades used to dig up peat, personal memorabilia about the unsuccessful Lindow Man repatriation campaign of the 1980s and a wand used in a pagan ceremony.

Religious sacrifice?

Prof Jones says the prevailing belief is that he was sacrificed, though even that theory raises more questions than answers.

"Lindow Moss was probably a site of religious significance where sacrifices were made.

"But questions remain: why was Lindow Man sacrificed? How did his tribe see the future? And which gods were they trying to please?"

Mr Turner says while it is true that these questions may never be answered, the theory of sacrifice is supported by other finds on the moss.

"Lindow Man was not the first bog body from Lindow Moss. A well-preserved head had been found there in May 1983 [which] was shown to be about 2,000 years old.

"In February 1987, another part of a human body was found and I supervised the recovery of over 70 pieces of a headless, adult male.

"Finally in June and September 1988, parts of the buttocks and the left leg of Lindow Man were found close to the spot where his body had been excavated.

"Together, these are best understood as religious human sacrifices made around the time the Romans took control of this part of England."
Lindow Man's death

Died between 2 BC and AD 119

No evidence he was unwell when he died, but he was suffering from parasitic worms

Met a horrific elaborate death

Struck on the top of his head twice with a heavy object, perhaps a narrow bladed axe, and received a vicious blow in the back - perhaps from someone's knee - which broke one rib

Had a thin cord tied around his neck which may have been used to strangle him and break his neck

After death, his throat was cut and he was placed face down in a pool in the bog

Whatever the future reveals about Lindow Man, Mr Turner says it would be fitting to see his resting place for almost two millennia marked.

"The findspot of Lindow Man is known and could be capable of commemoration.

"As far as I know, of all bog bodies, only the burial place of Tollund Man has a marker.

"Perhaps Lindow Moss could become a centre for outdoor sculpture inspired by its archaeology, history, and future uses."

Bring him home

That idea is one that is backed by the University of Manchester's Dr John Handley, who took part in the walk to commemorate Lindow Man's discovery.

He says he would like to see things taken a step further to see the whole of the Moss protected.

"This is a very special, atmospheric landscape with great cultural and historic significance; it deserves to be restored, conserved and celebrated.

"Lindow Man is the figure who animates this landscape and with the help of the British Museum and Manchester Museum, we need to reconnect him and his story to his original home."

Certainly visitors to the 2008 exhibition believed the British Museum should not be his final resting place, echoing the failed 1980s repatriation campaign.

One woman said the show had brought him "back where he belongs", while another asked "why can't he stay in Manchester?".

The British Museum said there were no plans to permanently move Lindow Man back to the North, but given how his story has twisted so far, who knows what the future may hold for him.

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Thirty years ago, a peat cutter working in the Cheshire countryside spotted what he thought was a piece of wood trundling along a conveyor belt. Tasked with the job of keeping the belt free of debris, he threw it away, but as it hit the ground, the dirt fell from it and the remains of a human leg lay in the summer sun.