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Summary: This article focused on questioning how far we can go to censor people and ideas. We tend to censor those that believe differently than us and those that we believe are in the wrong. But censorship goes beyond right, wrong, and political beliefs. Censorship refers to the basic right of existing in the same space as the dominant group.
Quote: "I still saw men as central and women as a subgroup" (pg. 236)

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Simone de Beauvoir gives a general summary of how and why women are viewed as the "Second Sex." This world started out as a man's world but is definitely evolving.

“Women are not in the wrong when they decline to accept the rules laid down for them, since the men make these rules without consulting them” (p. 93).

I felt very well informed of the historical context after reading this essay.

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This essay discusses the differences between radical and libertarian feminists.

“The radical feminists, holds that sexuality in a male-dominant society involves danger-that is, that sexual practices perpetuate violence against women.  ‘Anti-prudes’, I term ‘libertarian feminists’ for whom the key feature of sexuality is the potentially liberating aspects of the exchange of pleasure between consenting partners” (Ferguson, 2008, p. 222).

The way that these two groups are pitted against each other makes it so that we are not able to move forward. If we could work together, we could accomplish more.

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In this article the author describes how there should be five sexes instead on just two to include people who are born hemaphrodites. The author writes "In addition to males and
females, I argued, we should also accept the
categories herms (named after “true” hermaphrodites),
merms (named after male “pseudohermaphrodites”),
and ferms (named after female
“pseudo-hermaphrodites”)." p. 124
The essay includes examples of people whose parents decided early on what sex they wanted them to be and had surgeries as children they were never told what they were truly for.

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”To be female is, according to that distinction, a facticity which has no meaning, but to be a woman is to have become a woman, to compel the body to conform to an historical idea of ‘woman,’ to induce the body to become a cultural sign, to materialize oneself in obedience to an historically delimited possibility, and to do this as a sustained and repeated corporeal project”. (Butler, p. 99). 

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”To be female is, according to that distinction, a facticity which has no meaning, but to be a woman is to have become a woman, to compel the body to conform to an historical idea of ‘woman,’ to induce the body to become a cultural sign, to materialize oneself in obedience to an historically delimited possibility, and to do this as a sustained and repeated corporeal project”. (Butler, p. 99). 

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This chapter is very metaphorical and she uses references about recipes and cooking to talk about meztisaje, how we are all a blend of identities...

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“When I think of mestizaje, I think both of separation as curdling, an exercise in impurity, and of separation as splitting, an exercise in purity. I think of the attempt at control exercised by those who possess both power and the categorical eye and who attempt to split everything im- pure, breaking it down into pure elements (as in egg white and egg yolk) for the purposes of control. Control over creativity”

I reflected on this post to talk about Mestizaje and the notion of splitting and embodying multiplicity.

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In this essay,  Luce Irigaray, uses women sexuality as a metaphor in explaining men are the invaders. This is a very graphic reading and I very much respect and appreciate it.

I can not share just one quote from this reading, here are 2:

“Female sexuality has always been conceptualized on the basis of masculine parameters” (p. 183).

“Woman ‘touches herself ’ all the time, and moreover no one can forbid her to do so, for her genitals are formed of two lips in continuous contact… This autoeroticism is disrupted by a violent break-in: the brutal separation of the two lips by a violating penis…” (p. 183).

These past readings from this week on Feminism have really gotten me to see how much men use women as a commodity and to their benefit of this world that they always imagined to rule and conqueror. Women are the companions they need in order to keep their genealogy alive.

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This essay talks about why the two-sex system doesn't work for society. The major arguments  include:
1. FIRST, DO NO HARM
Stop infant genital surgery

2. Scarring and Pain
Personal accounts from intersexuals who have experienced genital surgery breathe life into some otherwise dry facts.

3. THE RIGHT TO REFUSE
Parents assert their own views about their child’s sex and about the degree of surgical alteration they will permit.

quote:
"In addition to males and females, I argued, we should also accept the categories herms (named after “true” hermaph- rodites), merms (named after male “pseudo- hermaphrodites”), and ferms (named after female “pseudo-hermaphrodites”)".

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This essay discusses the difficulties that LGBTQ people face in society and the different ways people feel we can solve this problem.

“The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force recently reported that more than 90 percent of gay men and lesbians have been victims of violence or harassment in some form on the basis of their sexual orientation; greater than one in five gay men and nearly one in ten lesbians have been punched, hit, or kicked; a quarter of all gays have had objects thrown at them; a third have been chased; a third have been sexually harassed; and nearly one-seventh have been spit on” (Cuomo, 2008, p. 241).

The numbers stated in this were eye opening. The number of victims of violence against a group of people was heart breaking.

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“Black Women’s sexuality is often described in metaphors of speechlessness space or vision; as a void or empty space that is simultaneously ever-visble (exposed) and invisible, where black women’s bodies always already colonized”(250).
Scientific research of black women sexuality in the 19th century was about justifying racial gendered oppression.

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This reading tackles how society views black men in terms of masculinity and how black men view their own masculinity within their given society.
It dives heavily into how white patriarchy has been passed down as the ideal (in terms of what is is to be male and or masculine)and how black men are forced to fit within these standards but yet juxtaposed by white patriarchal road blocks that hinder them from reaching these ideals.

“Many 19th century christians saw all forms of idle activity as evil, or at least a breeding ground for wrong doing” p. 110

“The new rebel was the playboy” p. 112

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For the reading it talked about how women can not have full pleasure without the male genital present.

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For the reading it talked about how women can not have full pleasure without the male genital present.

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"The vagina is valued for the "lodging" it offers the male organ when the forbidden hand has to find a replacement for pleasure giving."