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Ever since the 19th century Black cowboys were a part of history. They were African American slaves and worked on ranches which thelped them develop their skills of cattle tending. Barbed wire wasnt invented yet and there was lack of effective containment which caused the cattle population to run wild with too little people to help because the ranchers were fighting in the war. The rachers tried to rebuild herds and round out the cattle with the slaves but soon the Emancipation Proclamation took away their workersw. Ranchers wanted help rounding up cattle which caused them to hire African-Americans as cowhands. They faced discrimination as they passed by towns but found respect by other African Americans. Once the new century came around the cattle drives ended with new technology with railroads and barbed wire and getting relocated to reservations which caused the decrease of need for cowboys.

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2 Significant Battles in the Revolutionary War by Linnani Simpson

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2 Significant Battles in the Revolutionary War by Linnani Simpson

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On this poster I talked about the first and final battle of the Revolutionary War. These were two of the most important battles because one was the start of a war that could change the country and one was the last step to finally becoming our own country. The first battle of the Revolutionary War was The Battle of Lexington and Concord. And the last one was The Battle of Yorktown. These two battles were very important in American History and should be remembered

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How the Mexicans lost their land by Isaiah Murillo

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How the Mexicans lost their land by Isaiah Murillo

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I'm going to talk about how “Mexico was forced to relinquish any claim to California to the United States”. BUT the Mexicans side of the story. It's basically end of their war and Mexico was in a bad spot. They had no choice but to give up their land or else worse would come, so they sold what we know now as Texas for 15 million dollars. This version matters because it's generally a rule of thumb to try to hear different sides of one story just to have more resource. This changed or held place in history because a lot of Americans live in Texas and is actually THE biggest state which means the US gets more profit from it. This should be well known because without Texas America wouldn't be as big and Mexico would have a third more power then they have now.

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Ireland And The Troubles, AKA, Simon forgot that it had to be something from the American west

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Ireland And The Troubles, AKA, Simon forgot that it had to be something from the American west

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How native Americans are affected by colonization- History night project. By Tania Feferman

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How native Americans are affected by colonization- History night project. By Tania Feferman

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Native American cultures and populations have been gravely and drastically affected by colonization throughout the years. Christopher Columbus’s exploration to North America was one of the first events that affected native Americans. When more Europeans journeyed to America, they began to grab more land. Time passed, and there were many fights over land, and one of the biggest fights over land was the Mexican-American war. But the land they were battling over was stolen from the native Americans. Because of the colonists’ hunger for land, laws such as the Indian removal act were signed into place, which pushed many native Americans out of their homes, and on a road of hardship and loss. Reservations were eventually set up, but even today, many of these reservations are extremely poor, and some of the citizens in these reservations do not have access to the best education and health care. Because of colonization hundreds of years ago, people are suffering now.

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Hi, my name is Juana Briones de Miranda, and today I’m going to tell you my story. It all started in 1802  when I was born at Villa de Branciforte, near Mission Santa Cruz on California’s coast. Then in 1812 my  family moved near the San Francisco Presidio after the death of my mother, and that was a hard time for me because my mother died.Then in 1840 my husband got arrested for the first time for assaulting me. I would report him to authorities more than a dozen times in the next few years.

In 1844 a devout Catholic priest, helped me apply at Mission Santa Clara for a clerical separation from my  husband. The same year I purchased the Rancho La Purísima Concepción in what became Los Altos Hills.The purchase of the rancho turned out to have enormous benefits for me and my family. Thirty-seven miles down the Peninsula from my miserable marriage, the rancho and its rich land did more than give me a safe haven. It helped me achieve great wealth, as the early days of the Gold Rush raised profits on everything. Rancho La Purísima Concepción — the land that became Los Altos Hills — enabled me to live out the second half of my life in prosperity and peace in one of the most beautiful places in all of California.

California was threatening to force Indians like Gorgonio, who owned land but were not officially “employed,” to return to the missions to work. We don’t know exactly what brought Gorgonio and me together. But around 1844, I bought the rancho from Gorgonio, registered and purchased it and asked Gorgonio and his family to stay on and supervise my cattle business there. It wasn’t the end of my troubles: in 1845, my  husband served a year in jail for continuing to harass me.

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Summary: The Cherokee, natives of present day Georgia, had lived normally until about 1830, when president Andrew Jackson issued the Indian Removal act. It stated that all native Americans were to be moved out of Georgia for new settlers. During the act, Chief John Ross of the Cherokee wrote a letter to the government called, “Our hearts are sickened” which today gives us a lot of info on the Trail. When the Cherokee were starting to be moved, most of their homes were destroyed and all the natives were captured. Soldiers then marched them Along the trail that went through present day Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. During the removal, there was a freezing blizzard, causing around 1,5000 of the Cherokee to die from the cold. An additional 2,500 died because of hunger and starvation. After the event, Private John G. Burnett wrote a letter telling about his experience as a soldier on the trail. He described it as the cruelest work they had ever done.

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Wong Kim Ark was born in California in 1873 to parents who were Chinese. In his 20s, after a temporary visit to China, he sailed back to San Francisco, which he's done before but this time John Wise claimed he wasn't a american citizen even though he was born in america. the Supreme Court held that Wong Kim Ark had acquired U.S. citizenship at birth and that "the American citizenship which Wong Kim Ark acquired by birth within the United States has not been lost or taken away by anything happening since his birth."This is the Supreme Court ruling that determined the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted birthright citizenship to all persons born in the United States regardless of race or nationality.

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The Salem Witch Trial By: Jacqueline Gonzalez Campos 🌺

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The Salem Witch Trial By: Jacqueline Gonzalez Campos 🌺

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The salem witch trial was a act of hate towards people claimed to be “witches.” If you had anything to do with witch craft you would be accused of being a witch immediately, If anyone spoke out for them they would also be accused. During these years of fate, women were 99% more accused of being witches. That would make them suffer even more trying to do everything right to not get killed. During the trails if everyone agreed they were a witch then it’s bye bye for them. Rest In Peace the dogs that were also killed being accused of being evil! Like who even made up that myth leave the poor animals alone anyways!

They would torture them and much worse. Making more then 200 people die, believing it will make a difference in the town. In my opinion this was pretty sexist due to the fact that women were mainly killed but, luckily this all ended near the year 1693-1694 where the governor stopped the trials, finally he released how out of hand this was getting. #Justice #Peace ✨

(the picture was a collab with Emily Lou so credits to her too)

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Topic: Texas
Summary:Texas was once controlled by Spain but when Mexico separated from Spain it became a Mexican state. America started a colony there but after some time they came to be upset about the rules they had to live by. Stephen Austin one of the founders of the colony went to speak to Mexico’s ruler about some requests the Americans had he was jailed. This caused an uproar, in San Antonio rebels holed up in a mission, the Alamo. All of the rebels were killed, causing other “Texas Freedom Fighters” to revolt and they drew the Mexican Troops into Texas. When the troops guards were down they attacked, the Mexican leader fled but was captured, in exchange for his life he ordered all of his troops out of Texas. The Texans had won! For ten years they were their own country known as “The Lone Star Republic”, but a lot of Texans wanted to join America. The U.S. could not decide whether or not to admit Texas, but after James K. Polk was elected Congress admitted Texas as the 28th state.
Research Question: How did Texas becoming a state affect different groups of people?
-“Preparatory to such a movement, she sends her 20,000 or 30,000 men to Texas; organizes them on the Sabine, where her supplies and arms can be concentrated before we have even notice of her intentions; makes a lodgment on the Mississippi; excites the Negroes to insurrection; the lower country falls, and, with it, New Orleans; and a servile war rages through the whole South and West.”
-“Great Britain has already made treaties with Texas, and we know that farseeing nation never omits a circumstance, in her extensive intercourse with the world which can be turned to account in increasing her military resources.”

-“The Mexican government, by its colonization laws, invited and induced the Anglo-American population of Texas to colonize its wilderness under the pledged faith of a written constitution, that they should continue to enjoy that constitutional liberty and republican government to which they had been habituated in the land of their birth, the United States of America.”

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The civil war was a war in the U.S from 1861-1865 fought between the northern U.S and the southern U.S. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Lincoln had been inaugurated as the president of the U.S. The loyalists of the union in the north, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the constitution. They faced secessionists of the confederate states in the south, who advocated for states’ right to uphold slavery. Of the 34 U.S states in February 1861, seven southern slave-holding states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country, and the confederate states of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S constitutional government. The confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states, and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority. These states were given full representation in the confederate congress throughout the civil war. The two remaining slave-holding states, Delaware and Maryland, were invited to join the confederacy, but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops. The confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the U.S, nor by that of any foreign country. The states that remained loyal to the U.S were known as the union. The union and the confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the south for four years. Intense combat left between 620,000 and 750,000 people dead. The civil war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history.

The civil war started because of differences between the free and slave states. The war started on April 12,1861 at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay. Some other reasons were because of industry and farming, bleeding Kansas and Abraham Lincoln.

President Lincoln was the one who declared the civil war. Some background information of Lincoln is he was born on feb 12,1809 and died from assassination on April 15,1865. He died from confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. He died on the 15th but was assassinated on the 14th. While researching about Lincoln I was also reminded by MLK who was also assassinated.

The civil war lasted for 4 years. Started on April 12,1861 and ended on April 9,1865. But if the civil war didn’t happen we wouldn’t have ambulances and hospitals so at the same time the civil war in a way happened for good reasons too.

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Henry Hernandez, Mexican American war
Topic:Mexican American war
Summary:Polk wanted to expand the United states as far as he could.He had California and new Mexico in mind, he sent a representative to Mexico to buy the territories but got neglected by them. American troops were then shot while patrolling  by Mexican soldiers.Polk was waiting for this to finally start war with Mexico while this happened a group of Americans launched a rebellion against Mexican rule in within weeks they were able to conquer California. American cavalry were dominating the enemy in battle,later Mexico city was captured,and Mexico signed a treaty with the U.S

Research question: why did the US declare war against Mexico?

Quotes:"Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil"-James k. Polk, 11th president of the United states.
"a manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions"- O'Sullivan ,John Louis ,a American columnist

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I was assigned Mormonism, In 1830 this guy named Joseph Smith founded a church and told them that he got a sacred book from an angel. This was the basis that Mormonism was made from. Whenever they tried to settle down in places they kept getting persecuted. People kicked them out for a couple of reasons but a big one was that they allowed polygamy. In 1844 though it went from resentment to violence when a mob killed Joseph. In 1846 a wagon train of pioneers were searching for a new home when they found Great Salt Lake which is now Utah and they decided to stay there. How was Mormonism originally created, “Mormonism started in 1827, when its prophet, Joseph Smith Jr.received a visit from an angel”. “He restored the priesthood to the children of men, and called upon Joseph Smith, to be the first Elder in this church”.

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Rema Raghu, The Mormon Settlement in Utah

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Rema Raghu, The Mormon Settlement in Utah

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Topic: The Settlement of Mormons in Utah

Summary: The Mormons had been facing persecution in many places such as New York, Illinois, Missouri, and Ohio. Once Joseph Smith had been killed, Brigham Young decided to move him and his community to Utah. It was not an easy trip, but once they arrived, Young new that this was the place for them. When Brigham Young died in 1877, there had been significant expansion in settlements and the population. Salt Lake City became a place for westward travelers to stop and receive resources and necessities.

Research Question: Why were Mormons being persecuted?

Quotes:
1)  “On the trial, the plaintiff in error, the accused, proved that at the time of his alleged second marriage he was, and for many years before had been, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, commonly called the Mormon Church, and a believer in its doctrines; that it was an accepted doctrine of that church 'that it was the duty of male members of said church, circumstances permitting, to practise polygamy ; . . . that this duty was enjoined by different books which the members of said church believed to be of divine origin, and among others the Holy Bible, and also that the members of the church believed that the practice of polygamy was directly enjoined upon the male members thereof by the Almighty God, in a revelation to Joseph Smith, the founder and prophet of said church; that the failing or refusing to practise polygamy by such male members of said church, when circumstances would admit, would be punished, and that the penalty for such failure and refusal would be damnation in the life to come.' “
-A testimony from Chief Justice Waite during the Reynold vs. the United States court case

2) “Horace Greeley: What is the position of your church with respect to slavery?   Brigham Young: We consider it of divine institution and not to be abolished until the curse pronounced on Ham shall have been removed from his descendants.”
-An 1859 New York Tribune Interview with Brigham Young, the leader of the Mormon Community

3) “Horace Greeley: How general is polygamy among you? Brigham Young: I could not say. Some of those present (heads of the church) have each but one wife; others have more; each determines what is is his individual duty.”
-An 1859 New York Tribune Interview with Brigham Young, the leader of the Mormon Community

My iMovie:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1psJtR8dnbbOn7hrCHptcQQ7HXnn8DydW/view?usp=drivesdk

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Topic: Florida
In the late 1500s Spain had colonized on this peninsula and by the 1800s, Florida had a diverse community that consisted of Seminole Indians, Spanish Colonist, English traders and runaway slaves. In 1804 president Jefferson sent two diplomats to Spain to try to buy Florida, Spain said, “no deal”. Many white americans wanted the U.S. to take over Florida because many runaway slaves went to Florida because they were welcomed there in addition white landowners in Georgia were upset because the Seminoles were raiding their land. In 1818 president James Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to stop the Seminole raids. Andrew was told to only chase the raiding Seminoles back to Florida but he marched with 1,700 troops and invaded Florida. After that happened President James Monroe was terrified if a war would start, so he talked with his cabinet. So James Monroe send a sent a message to Spain saying Govern Florida properly or get out. In 1819 Spain left and gave Florida to The U.S. in exchange the U.S. agreed to pay off 5 million in settler’s claim against Spain and the U.S. decided to honor Spain’s longtime claim to Texas.

Research question: What was the United Kingdom’s part in the acquirement of Florida?

Quotes:
“Many U.S. history textbooks incorrectly state that the United States purchased Florida from Spain. When Britain acquired La Florida from Spain in 1763, it divided the territory into two colonies, East and West Florida”.  John Quincy Adams 1

“Spanish colonization of the Florida peninsula began at St. Augustine in 1565. The Spanish colonists enjoyed a brief period of relative stability before Florida came under attack from resentful Native Americans and ambitious English colonists to the north in the 17th century. Spain’s last-minute entry into the French and Indian War on the side of France cost it Florida, which the British acquired through the first Treaty of Paris in 1763. After 20 years of British rule, however, Florida was returned to Spain as part of the second Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution in 1783”. History.com Editors

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Topic: Californio Settlement in California
In 1769, a Spanish missionary named Junipero Serra, led a group of soldiers and priests to California from Mexico. Settlers also followed. Their goal was to convert the California Natives to Christianity. They set up missions (places for missionaries to live and work) along California. The Native Americans of California worked in the missionaries, but weren’t treated well and they were exposed to new diseases which caused a deeply threat. In 1821, Mexico won its independence and shortly after, inherited California as their own. Even though the land was supposed to be given to the Natives of California, in 1933, the missions were all closed and the land was given to the Californios (Californians from Mexico), settlers, and soldiers. Cattle ranching was the most important industry of California because they could trade beef fat and other cattle products for American goods. Since the separation between California and Mexico City was so large, the connection between the two was soon lost. Soldiers weren’t getting paid and the only government being sent to California was a chain of unskilled and sometimes dishonest representatives. A large war with America ended with California being taken from Mexico and becoming an American state.

Research question: What was life like for the people living in early California?

Quotes:
“I gave to Your Excellency, also, the agreeable tidings that these new christians, following the example set by some of the workmen of the vessels whose services I managed to secure, are learning how to apply themselves to labor, hoe in hand and with the bar and in making adobes, in reaping or harvesting the wheat and in carting these crops, as well as in other work in which they take part. I reported, also, that this year there have been harvested at this mission, in addition to twenty fanegas of barley, one hundred and twenty-five of wheat, some horse-beans and a greater quantity of kidney-beans, and together with continuous help from the vegetable garden—in the consumption of which all share. There is reason for expecting a fair return from the maize sown, and it is well-grown and in good condition, and there will be obtained a goodly number of fish from the abundance of sardines which, for twenty consecutive days, have been spawning along the beach near this mission, and a reasonable harvest from the spiritual advancement we are experiencing each day—thanks be to God!“ -Junipero Serra, missionary that led soldiers and priests to California

“I continued by telling him that for this it was necessary that he should learn the doctrine in order that they might be Christians; likewise that they would have also to learn masonry and carpentry, and to till the soil, etc., and that they must live together in a pueblo, which would have to be formed by the people, in order that they might live close together in their houses and not scattered out as now; and that they would have to make a house for the father and a church….I told him that I would have to return to report this opinion of his to the king, adding that now that he and his people wished to be Christians, and be friends with the Spaniards, no doubt next year the king would say that we must return to live with them, and that if I should come I would have to teach them to work and likewise to sing.” -Pedro Font, a missionary who tried to convert Native Americans to Christianity

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Topic: Mexican-American War

Polk wanted to make the land of US expand to the west. They made a deal with Mexico about it, but disagreed. So, the US and Mexico started a war. Later on, Mexico give US the southern lands, known as the “Mexican Cession.” The US did what Mexico want from them for the land. After, the people wanted land from the North of the expansion, so the US pay Mexico a few more millions.

Research Question: Why some of the senators said that New Mexico and California aren’t worth a dollar?

- “What this country is, appears form a publication of an honorable gentleman in the other House, in which he quotes an account given by Major Gaines. He says that the country of a single individual for every foot of land from San Patricio to the valley of the Rio Grande. This gentleman has been there lately, and is well acquainted with the condition of the country. So far, then, as that part of our acquainted is concerned, I take it for the granted it is not worth a dollar.” - US Congress, Office of the Congressional Globe

- “In 1842, the US minister in Mexico, Waddy Thompson Jr., suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to the U.S. to settle debts, saying: "As to Texas, I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific … France and England both have had their eyes upon it." - Amuseclio, Professor at a Research University

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California Gold Rush (forty-niners and Chinese) By Ryan Truong

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California Gold Rush (forty-niners and Chinese) By Ryan Truong

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Topic: California Gold Rush and the Chinese
John Marshall finds gold in the American River and word leaks out resulting in many rushing into California. Tens of thousands of people came to California hoping to become rich, most of them were American and others from different parts of the world. By 1850, California had enough people to become a state which made it the first state in the far west. Then by 1852, the gold rush was over. 20,000 Chinese people came over to California for the gold rush during this time. The Chinese were greeted and treated nicely until gold started becoming scarce. The Chinese were then treated poorly, being taxed for being a foreigner, beaten, having their shacks burnt down. The Chinese helped grow California by bringing over their culture and traditions as well as doing the labor-intensive jobs like mining, farming, and in factories.

Research question: How were Chinese immigrants treated during the California Gold Rush?

Quotes:
“They proceed to do violence and kill us; they go on in a career of bloodshed without limit, since they find there are none to bear testimony against them.” -Pun Chi, A Chinese merchant during the Gold Rush

“...witnessing your degrading treatment of us, would assume the right to harass, plunder and rob us, possibly kill us” -Pun Chi, A Chinese merchant during the Gold Rush

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Closing of the California Missions By Jake Long

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Closing of the California Missions By Jake Long

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Topic: Californio settlement in California
In 1769 Junipero Serra led soldiers and priests up north into California to make an effort to convert the Native Americans living their to convert to Christianity. To do this he began a chain of missions from San Diego to up north of San Francisco, each mission controlled a huge area of land as well as the Native Americans who lived on it. Although the missionaries meant well the missions were deadly to Native Americans living in the area and thousands died of the diseases that were brought with them. When Mexico won its independence in 1821 , California became part of Mexico. In 1833 the Mexican government closed the missions, Half of the land was supposed to go to the Native Americans but mexico gave most of it to soldiers and settlers a typical person received ranchos of 50000 acres or more. They were so big that neighbors lived a day's journey apart and in the 1830's cattle became California's biggest industry. Mexico neglected California and the soldiers meant to protect people ended up stealing from them. But in 1846 the US captured California as part of the war with Mexico, Californio's quickly became a minority but left a lasting effect on the state.

Research question: Why did the California missions close down?

Quotes From Primary Sources:

"To sum up the whole situation, my opinion is that, without a doubt, whatever, in your goodness, Your Excellency, or the King—whom God keep—sends us—and without it at the present time we could not keep going," ( Father Junipero Serra, Founder of the California Missions)

"They prefer to hold in hand a deck of cards rather than a hoe or plow." ( Father José Señán, Disciple of the missions )

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Effects of the Gold Rush: By Beatrice Waits-Mast 

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Effects of the Gold Rush: By Beatrice Waits-Mast 

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Topic: California Gold Rush and the Chinese
The gold rush was a big time in history, it all started because a Californian man discovered gold when building a sawmill. It was 1849 when word got out about the  discovery and people quickly traveled from near and far to get in on the California gold. There were tens of thousands of forty-niners ( gold miners during the time of the 1849 gold rush), a majority of them being Americans and others coming all the way from China, Mexico, Europe, South America, and more. As you could imagine things got a bit wild, all the digging and mining for gold was hard, there was a lot of fighting, competition, ending up with a lot of injuries and deaths. This ended up majorly decreasing the number of forty-niners, but left California with a bigger and more diverse community in the end. After awhile in 1851 the gold rush’s success began to fade, and gold became more scarce, causing the rush to end in 1852.
Research question: Did the Gold Rush affect California in ways other than its economy?
Quotes from primary sources: “Currently the state of California has become a gathering place for the world.”
“Every immigrant group has its own newspaper except for the Chinese. As a result, although the Chinese merchants are many in number, they have no influence...Since i feel strongly about this situation, i have founded a newspaper called Golden Hills’ News to record in Chinese the commercial news and government affairs happening everyday.”

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*This is only general information, I suggest watching the video I made for some more details* The Louisiana Purchase was where the U.S bought a huge piece of territory from France in 1802 which basically doubled the U.S’s size. The Louisiana territory consisted of 15 states, that ran from the Canadian Border in the North, Mississippi River to the East, to the Rocky Mountains in the West, and the Gulf of Mexico to the South. Napoleon was eager to sell it because the whole idea of rebellion soured his opinion on colonies and also just because he needed some money. Jefferson originally wanted to just buy New Orleans (the city !), but Napoleon was like, “but how about I sell you...this whole territory?” Jefferson couldn’t say no to that. And so, Jefferson bought approximately 827,000 square miles of land for $15 million, which is equivalent to about $250 million today. Pretty good deal. So Jefferson bought Louisiana and then he sent Lewis and Clark to explore the lands, which they did. Without the purchase of Louisiana, the Western Expansion would probably have stopped and the US would never be the size it is today.

random small short video i made
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFusKV0QeOc

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Women during the gold rush by Joy Chiong 

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Women during the gold rush by Joy Chiong 

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The forty niners went to California when gold was discovered and it was mostly dominated by men. Some women also came too because they didn’t want to stay behind. They also became really wealthy entrepreneurs. Other women didn’t go because the men in their family went for them and mostly men got recognized during the gold rush even though women did a lot. Some things women did were travel, stake claims in mines, and they interacted with the local authorities. Those women divorced men because they thought that doing that can make them successful and have more freedom. The women who were part of the gold rush ended up not being a part of California’s history because people thought they didn’t do a lot.

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Gold Rush by Alexander Anderson
Gold Rush by Alexander Anderson
The Gold Rush was a large historical event that shaped the economic landscape in California for years to come. It all started when people found remnants of gold nuggets in the Sacramento valley in 1848. News of this find spread like wildfire to around one hundred thousand people, called 49ers. They were called 49ers because they flooded the area in 1849. The Gold Rush hit a turning point when a man named James Marshall found some gold dust in the stream behind a mill he co-owned with John Sutter. Many people made big risks like spending their life savings or mortgaging property to head to San Francisco to find gold. That is why San Francisco is one of the most culturally diverse places in the world, because people from every race, culture, and religion came here to get a taste of the gold fever. Z	1

Sources:
https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush-of-1849
https://www.historynet.com/james-marshall-californias-gold-discoverer.htm


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Coronavirius Disease
Coronavirius  Disease
As everyone is aware of the coronavirius outbreak and how it made us where we are today. Down below is the graph I chose for this subject because it states in China every cases, infected, deaths of the coronavirius. It may look like most have their heads down but I say keep them up because we’lol find a way to solve it! So fare there are 20% cases, 30% deaths, and for all ages of whom they are infected with is no higher than 15%. And I know this’ll sound over dramatic but it’s true that these numbers will keep rising till we have the cure but until then stay 6 feet apart from people, wear masks, and most importantly STAY SAFE!
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By: Jeremiah Gamez
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Mexican american war by Julio Vazquez
Mexican american war by Julio Vazquez 
The Mexican american war was a war that occurred 70 years after the US declared its independence in 1776. It all started when President Polk wanted to expand the country by offering Mexico $40 million for CA,UT,NM,AZ, and some of Colorado. However Mexico denied the offer so the US was gonna take it by force, the war lasted for 2 years. Polk blamed the Mexicans for starting the war because they denied the offer and it was because of the manifest destiny when the US was destined to reach the west. Mexico also brought up when the United States annexed Texas and Mexico stated that it's against international law. 
After the war Mexico lost and the US won the land. Americans refer this as the Mexican American War while the Mexicans refer this as the U.S invasion. The war was ended after the treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo.


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California Gold Rush by Jimmy Brosnahan
California Gold Rush by Jimmy Brosnahan

The California Gold Rush, which occurred in the late 1840’s is an amazing event in History of westward expansion. Thousands of people caught what is called “gold fever” and went searching west to find the “white elephant” as this great adventure was often called. On January 24,1848, James Marshall discovered flakes of metal in the water while overseeing construction at Sutter's Mill on the American River. After numerous tests it turned out to be Gold. This amazing discovery was not kept quiet and word spread like wildfire. Soon people were traveling from all over. People traveled on land and by sea. Both were very risky and most people died of disease. Though the travel was very difficult, 25,000 people made it by sea. Soon 100,00 people made it to California making it a mass migration that changed the course of westward expansion.


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The Donner Party
The Donner Party
Everyone has heard of the Donner Party; how they became stuck in deep snow, how they ran out of food, and how they supposedly resorted to cannibalism. But most people don’t actually know the whole story of the famous expedition, and what’s true and what’s just myth. The Donner Party, which consisted of somewhere between 80-90 members, began their journey westward from Springfield, Illinois in April of 1846, and was led by brothers George and Jacob Donner. They started out just like anyone else, and followed the California trail until they reached Fort Bridger, Wyoming. They then decided to take a “shortcut” recommended by Lansford Hastings, a selfish trail guide, who told them he would put signs throughout his new path so they would know where to go, even though he wouldn’t go with them. Of course, that’s when things started to go wrong, and, as they were on they were on the trail, they found a note from their guide. According to History.com, Hastings wrote that “the route ahead was more difficult than he thought,” and he told them to “make camp there and wait until he could return to show them a better way.” The party waited for about a week and a half, until they got a note from a messenger telling them to take a different alternate route, and they had to essentially make their own trail, which took a long time. Although they made it through all of this fine, it wasted three weeks worth of travel, and so when they finally made it to Truckee pass, it was too late. They became stuck in the deep snow, and that’s when it got bad. Forced to wait out the winter, the Donner Party ran out of food and supplies, and while it is debated as to whether or not they did cannibalize, they definitely did eat many of their animals, including dogs and horses. A group of 15 people from the Donner Party, called the Snowshoe party, went out to find a settlement and were guided by a local Native American to Johnson’s ranch, where they received help, and, telling the people there of their party’s misfortune, “reliefs” were sent to assist them. Help was sent out in waves, and by the fourth relief, 6 months after they became trapped, the 45 people who had survived had gotten to safety. This disaster, which ended up with half of the party dead, most likely captured our attention because of the alleged cannibalism, but there's more to it than that, as you just learned.
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San Francisco buried ships
San Francisco buried ships
At least 35 ships that brought gold prospectors to San Francisco are sitt buried beneath the
city. Once ships full of gold hunters arrived in San Francisco, they found no one waiting to leave. Plus, the whole crew would sometimes leave to go gold hunting. These ships would then just sit until they fell apart.
Others like the whaler the Niantic, were run aground and used as saloons, warehouses, or hotels. Still others were purpoesly sunk, covered in sand and trash, and built on top of. Real estate was in such high demand that people would sink ships in shallow Yerba Buena cove, to get the land on top. Yerba Buena cove used to extend all the way to the Transamerica pyramid, before being filled in for more land.
There are so many of these buried ships, that three trolley lines run through a ship. Archaeologists have found two ships in a salvage yard that was run by a man named Charlie Hare. He would take apart ships for their individual parts, that he would sell to gold prospectors. Archaeologists have also found the remains of Galapagos tortoises that settlers had captured for food on their journey.
I feel like this is an important part of our history that many people don’t know about. The gold rush changed San Francisco economically, but also physically. Even onto places that there wasn’t yet land. The sunken ships were deeply important to getting San Francisco started on it’s journey to what it is today.


My map is of the old wharf, the buried ships, and the original coast line. It has two pieces of tracing paper that you can fold over a map of SF today.
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Emperor Norton’s Legacy by Lillian Orcutt
Emperor Norton’s Legacy by Lillian Orcutt
My project is about “Emperor” Joshua Abraham Norton. He is a historical San Francisco figure who was born in 1818. He was English, and he arrived in SF in 1849.  He began by establishing a real-estate company, which grew quickly. Within 3 years of this business, he managed to parlay his starting balance into $250,000 or 8 million in today's dollars. In a short amount of time, he had built up his empire and was living very comfortably. Eventually, his wealth and status all came crashing down after a bad business decision. By 1858, he began living in a boarding house, much lower than his usual accommodations. Upon his fall, he likely fell into a depression, and while he remained “in town”, he hid from the public eye. However, he made his reemergence in 1859, in the pages of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin newspaper. He had written a letter, stating that he was declaring himself to be the Emperor of the US, and this letter was an order for representatives of the union to come to the music hall, whereby he would begin altering some laws and changing some things up. His letter was signed, “Norton I, Emperor of the United States.” Later on, he added the title “Protector of Mexico” after Napoleon III invaded them. Over the course of his 20+ year “reign” in the US, he continued to spread his beliefs and “laws” as much as he could. Emperor Norton fought for the rights of African-Americans, Chinese-Americans, Women, Jewish people, and Indigenous Native Americans. He often spent his time at public lectures or debates, to keep himself well versed in what was happening in the country and in his city. Some people questioned his sanity. Some people simply humored him. But there is no doubt that he was a beloved figure set into our history. Some of the best theaters reserved free seats for him. When his extravagant uniform had begun to wear out, the city got him new ones. And when he died in 1880, on his way to a public debate, over 10,000 people attended his funeral. I believe he should be more well known, as he is a very kind part of our history. He fought for people with little to no rights, and he was loved so much by our residents. He had the humanity many others did not.


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Janely
Janely 
The Mexican-American war happened in the year 1846 to 1848. It was a war between Mexico and the U.S. The war started because they were fighting over land (Texas). Before the war started a mexican cavalry attacked a group of the U.S soldiers in the dispute zone. They were commanded by the general  Zachary Taylor and they killed about a dozen of U.S soldiers. This event is very important for us to remember because Texas was not from the US but it was from Mexico . Unfortunately it is usually not well-known because of the fact that Texas is from Mexico not from the US.

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Donner Party wagon by Elise Brooks
Donner Party wagon by Elise Brooks 
The Donner Party was a group of people traveling west to California during the westward expansion movement in 1846. They took a shortcut through the Sierras but got stuck due to an early winter and had to go to extreme measures to survive.
The Donner party started out as the Donner-Reed party. The two Donner brothers, George and Jacob Donner, set off from Springfield, Illinois, with their friend, James Reed, and his family. They brought many luxuries with them and traveled 18-20 miles a day. Only the old and sick people rode in wagons, the rest walked. Reed asked his friend, James Clyman, for a shortcut.  Clyman told them to cut across the Wasatch Mountains instead of going to Fort Hall in present day Idaho. Reed was warned that it would be dangerous, but he convinced the Donner brothers to take the shortcut. On July 19, 1846, a group of about 90 emigrants, including the Donner and Reed families, broke off the main trail to take the shortcut. George Donner was elected leader of the group, creating the Donner Party.
    Crossing the Salt Desert was very difficult. They had to leave many of their luxuries behind. People started to die. The others turned against each other. They only worried about their own family and not about the whole group. James Reed got in an argument with John Snyder, resulting in Snyder's death. Reed was then banished from the party. Others were desperate and angry also. People were killed in arguments.
     When they arrived in Reno, they found the Sierras already snowcapped. Two Miwok men joined them. They all reached what is now Lake Donner on the night of October 31, 1846. The Miwoks advised them to cross the lake that night, but the majority wanted to stay the night and rest. In the morning, they found that more snow had fallen, and they couldn't get past the lake. The party tried for over 20 days to cross the lake but were unable to because of the heavy snowfall.       There was one cabin from previous emigrants, but the rest of the families had to make shelters out of natural materials. A group of people called the Forlorn Hope party went ahead, but most of them died. Back at the lake many died, including Jacob Donner. Around Christmas, there was a lot of rain. The Forlorn Hope party, now stuck as well, considered killing someone for food. The Miwok men refused to eat human flesh, so they were killed and eaten by the others. Parents at the lake told their children to eat them when they died, and the children obeyed.    Finally, 7 members of the Forlorn Hope party made it to the safety of a Miwok village.
     At long last, help started to come, but it still wouldn't be enough to save everyone. On February 19, a rescue team made it to the lake. 23 people were taken from the camp. They then got stuck on their way out and more people starved. A second relief team took 17 people, but they left them in a storm and only saved themselves. The 3rd relief team left with 11 people but only 9 made it to safety. Some people were too sick to go, and others stayed with their sick family members. The fourth and final team arrived to find only Lewis Keseberg and the half-eaten remains of his campmates. They successfully got him to safety. Of the eighty-seven pioneers who took the shortcut, thirty-nine died and forty-eight survived. Five were dead before the wagons ascended the Sierra Nevada, fourteen died at the lake camp, eight died at Alder Creek, and twelve died during the escape attempts.
     When remembering this story, it is important to think about it from all perspectives. Though this is a well-known story, it is not widely known that the members of the Donner party killed Native Americans because they refused to take part in cannibalism. It is important to look at this version of the story because it shows what extremes people would take when traveling west. I think that the killing of Native Americans was in part because of manifest destiny . The white settlers believed that they could do anything with the open land and its inhabitants in the west. I think that the story of the Native Americans is not told because it brings up that this event wasn't just a tragedy, there were still atrocities committed against Native Americans. It brings anger because people were killed into the sadness of the people who starved . The Donner party is an excellent example that helps us learn about westward expansion, but there are some aspects that need to be talked about more often.
 
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Angel Island Immigration Station by Nicholas Chang and Tommy Li
Angel Island Immigration Station by Nicholas Chang and Tommy Li
Angel Island Immigration Station was opened in 1910 to 1940. Angel Island Immigration Station held immigrants, particularly Asians. In the Angel Island Immigration Station, immigrants were detained and interrogated. They could be detained for as little as two weeks up to six months. Some were detained for up to two years! They were being detained and interrogated so they could ask obscure questions that were difficult to answer, ultimately getting them deported. When detained, they would be separated by men and women and would spend most of their time in barracks. Some even carved out poems in the barracks to express how they felt. In the end, a fire burned down the Angel Island Administration Building and the U.S. abandoned Angel Island. The immigrants’ version of the story matters because they aren’t well-known. They aren’t well-known because not a lot of people know what happened on Angel Island, especially to the immigrants. They should be well-known because immigrants are what makes up most of San Francisco. The whites wrote more about Ellis Island than Angel Island because Ellis Island was a busier immigration station than Angel Island. Also more people immigrated through Ellis Island than Angel Island.
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The Louisiana Purchase diorama by Dahlia Bolanos
The Louisiana Purchase diorama by Dahlia Bolanos 
On May 2nd, 1803, a treaty between the U.S and France was signed that gave America control over about 828,000 square miles of land. This huge change almost doubled the size of America. This land stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi River to the rocky mountains. France had just regained the territory after giving it to Spain in the French and Indian war. They regained it in a secret treaty with Spain because Spain had been cut off from America by the British. When France had regained the territory, they repealed a treaty that was made between America and Spain that let American farmers and merchants store goods in New Orleans through the Mississippi river without having to pay. After the French took this “right” away, America was about to go into war with France over Florida and New Orleans. Men such as Alexander Hamilton, the governor of the Mississippi Territory, and Federalist Senator James Ross of Pennsylvania, were figuring out how much militiamen it would take to seize the land. Instead, Thomas Jefferson was given a suggestion to purchase the land instead. So he did by sending James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate with Napoleon. They were originally asking for Florida and New Orleans for about $9.4 million or ⅔ of Louisiana. However Napoleon was struggling with an upcoming war with Great Britain, France’s economic issues, AND a slave revolution in Haiti (also known as Saint-Domingue) (learn more about that in sources below), therefore, suggested giving America the entire 828,000 square miles for only a total of about $14 million. A lot of Federalists did not like the idea of this treaty, nor did Napoleon’s brothers, who actually tried to talk him out of it, but the Louisiana Purchase treaty was ratified.
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The Salem Witch Trials diorama by Naima Ellers
The Salem Witch Trials diorama by Naima Ellers
The Salem witch trials began in the late 1691during winter. In Salem Massachusetts people were starting to be accused of witchcraft and were starting to get sent to trial. It all started when little girls claimed to be having the feeling of  knife-like pain, cocking, pinching, and other unpleasant sensations. Many doctors investigated this including Reverend Parris and they started to conclude that it was witchcraft. The girls accused a couple of people for the cause of their illness and there was a woman named Tituba that was a suspect who confessed that she was a witch. Other women joined Tituba in jail along with two men as they were going to be on trial. This was very to tell if they were a witch so the judges could only trust the accuser. During the trial the girls were the only evidence they had to tell if the accused witch was really a witch. If the victim started screaming they knew they were guilty even if the accused witch didn’t visibly do anything. Between June and October, twenty people were killed because of witchcraft and more than a hundred suspected witches remained in jail. In May 1693 the witch trials ended and was said to be a great mistake. 



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Slavery in California And the crime in testimony laws.-by Arely Martinez
Slavery in California And the crime in testimony laws.-by Arely Martinez 
slavery in California began with “enslavement of indigenous Californians.Many free ,and enslaved people were later able to buy their families freedom .Back then there was a law that said “black people couldn't testify against a white man”.there was a man that was beat and killed and since the killer was a white man no one would testify so he ended up only receiving 2 years in prison.Slavery in California came to hold a place in history in 1850.This version of the story matters because there was no equality.This should be well known because it was a very important part of history,it changed many people's life.
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Leanna Wu - Westward Expansion
Leanna Wu - Westward Expansion 
This is part of the essay I wrote about the Westward Expansion. The Gold Rush started in California when gold was found. A newspaper of the discovery of gold was printed a month or so after the gold was found. The people that rushed to the ‘gold mines’ first were the people that first lived in California. But settlers from Oregon and parts of Mexico rushed to the gold mines to seek their fortune. California was heavily populated over the span of 10 years, resulting in a population of about 300,000 people. This population of people caused the small military state for Mexico to turn into a US state because of the compromise of 1850. 

Next came the Transcontinental Railroad in the western expansion. The transcontinental railroad was to connect the west to the east coasts of the US. The first concrete plans were made in 1845. But the construction of the railroad did not start until 1863. But even then, the progress was slow because of the lack of resources and labor. With the civil war in action during the time of the railroad, the labor relayed on Chinese emigrants. During the creation of the railroad, a gold rush was starting so it brought more Chinese emigrants for work and their fortune. The railroad was eventually finished on May 10th, 1869. 

We’re nearing the end of the western expansion and to wrap it up is the homestead act of 1862. The homestead act was opening the lands of the west to settlers who never went against the government. With the Preemption Act of 1841, the land was also super cheap. The homestead act needed settlers to do 3 steps to claim 160 acres of approved land. First came the application for the land, they had to live on the land for 5 years and finally, they had to make improvements to the land. After the 5 years, the settlers could file for the deed to the land and send the paperwork to the government. It also had a small registration fee but the land was free, the land could also be claimed under a 6 month residency and the settlers living on the land, gave the government $1.25 per acre of land. 

Those were all of the major events that took place in the western expansion. The western expansion took around 100 years, but gave the British who came here, a new home. Personally, I/we think 100 is quite a short amount of time to claim the western part of the land, and make it so settlers could live on it. The western expansion was quite cruel to the natives, who were here first. Like how in modern times, we’re racist about jobs, living, practically almost everything. We still somewhat are, but like how the British came over, made a government, and created a country, it took time. That’s what happens with change, change took time in the past and it takes time in modern times. Change can be bad or good, depending on how you see the change. But what we’ve learned is that violence is never good, like how during the western expansion, all the wars ended in a peaceful route by the treaties. 

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Divine C. - Freedoms Journal
Divine C. - Freedoms Journal
This is a poster I made for the Liberator Summary Assignment. This poster is about discrimination on railroads. The poster shows a horse and coach, with quotes from the website I used to teach more about what happened and what their "rules" were to ride. Basically, people of color could not step into one of the vehicles without the others talking bad about them. If colored people did ride in the vehicle, some would be told to sit on the floor because of their odor.

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Isabella Mo - Civil War
Isabella Mo - Civil War
This is a journal I made depicting the big events of the civil war, lasting from December 20, 1860 and stays updated until May 26, 1865. It’s written in the perspective of a journalist named Ann Wilson. She follows the specifics of the victories the Confederates took, because she thought it would be useful if someone kept tabs on them. Ann didn’t want to be another person recording the Unions victories, because there were plenty of people recording them. She writes the events down, each dated like a timeline, and below writes what she felt and experienced. The journalist is not in favor of what the Confederates are doing, she is not biased to either side of the war, the purpose of the journal was to show another perspective of the war. Most of the journal entries have pictures to help readers understand and visualize events and important figures. All the pictures in the journal are from real events in the war with some drawings accurately depicting the events that couldn’t be photographed. The Ann Wilson who wrote in this journal is completely fictional, but the events aren’t. The goal of my project is to educate readers on what the Confederates did and how they made an impact.  The image shown is a sample of one of the pages in her journal. 
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Geovanny L. - The Mexican American war
Geovanny L. - The Mexican American war
The Mexican American war started over a dispute over whether Texas ended at the nueces river or the Rio grande. This war lasted two years (April 1846-February 1848). The Americans won the war but I feel as if it wasn’t fair because we all know that the land was meant to be for Mexico. The war ended because Mexico had no choice but to ask for peace, Because a total of 25,000 Mexicans were killed or wounded in the war.(The peace treaty that they signed was known as the treaty of the Guadalupe Hidalgo, it was signed in February 1848). I feel like they should talk about this more in school because it’s important to know what happened and it’s a part of my history because I’m Mexican and I’m proud.
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Jenny Ruan- The Reconstruction Era
Jenny Ruan- The Reconstruction Era
The Reconstruction was between 1865-1877. Reconstruction began after the Civil War. Its purpose was to restore the South and readmit them back into the Union. Also to help the African Americans get back into society. In 1865, the thirteenth amendment was passed to abolish slavery, the Freedmen’s Bureau was established, and the Civil War ended. But let’s not forgot, that President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Booth. Vice President Andrew Johnson  became the 17th President. In the following years, the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments were passed. The Ku Klux Klan was formed, and President Johnson was impeached, but Congress failed to remove him from office. Was Reconstruction successful?? Reconstruction was both a success and a failure. It was a success, because it unified the nation. The former Confederate states draft new constitutions. We have the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Amendments. We also pleaded our loyalty to the US government. The Freedmen’s Bureau was established, and many African Americans got an education. Black men were elected into the government. African Americans got lots of opportunities during Reconstruction. However, Reconstruction failed in most measures. Federal and state governments failed to ensure equal rights and provide protection for African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan were people dressed in robes that attacked African Americans and whites that helped them. This was a danger to people. Poverty was also an issue. White Southerns lost their land, and freed blacks didn’t have many job opportunities. Sharecropping and tenant farming wasn’t fair, since workers and the owners of the land got half of the product. Even after all of this, Reconstruction is still an important part of US history.

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James Whittaker Buenaventura: Jamestown, Virginia
James Whittaker Buenaventura: Jamestown, Virginia 
This is poster I made about the Virginia for the 2nd semester. In this poster you will see a map of Jamestown, Virginia at 1607-1699. I also wrote ideas about Jamestown, Virginia such as what was going on and other insights.
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Qiwen Luo - Western Expansion
Qiwen Luo - Western Expansion 
This is the slideshow and essay I wrote about the western expansion. 
The western expansion started in 1763, when France gave it’s western part of the North America territory to Spain. Come March of 1801, Napoleon wanted an empire in North America, so Spain gave back the Louisiana Territory to France. Thomas Jefferson sent Robert R. Livingston went to France to strike a deal to buy New Orleans. Two years later, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Livingston to make another offer to buy New Orleans. In April of 1803, Napoleon gave up his dreams of building an empire because of the upcoming war. So Napoleon offered all of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Jefferson accepted this offer so the US gained 828,000 square miles which doubled the territory. In June of 1803, Jefferson wanted to find a water route from Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. So he appointed his best man, Merriweather Lewis to go on an exploration. Lewis asked his old friend William Clark to join him on leading the exploration. So then Lewis and Clark set on an exploration to find a water route in May of 1804. Lewis and Clark found new things and met new people on their exploration. November 15th, 1805, Lewis and Clark after many experiences finally reached the Pacific Ocean. September of 1806, Lewis, Clark and the survivors returned back to the US after their journey. 

In the year of 1812, the United States and Great Britain entered into a war. The prime reason for this was that Britain was stopping American ships and forcing the sailors into the British military. This was called ‘impressment’. There were a lot of other reasons too, much this was the main reason why. Each side of the war were equally balanced and either could gain an advantage over the other. So eventually, this was resolved by the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on December 24, 1814. 

1818, US and Britain discuss a border between Canada, which was a part of Britain at the time and the current US during the Anglo-American Convention. In May of 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act. The natives were forced into moving west, away from their native lands. Some accepted this, while others held a resistance. This act started with the Choctaw tribe in 1831 and ended with the Cherokees in 1838. The Cherokees didn’t want to move from their lands so they were forced. This forced act was called the ‘Trail of Tears’ because of the hardships the Natives faced in the forced removal. 
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Ellie Meyerson- The history of the Confederate Flag
Ellie Meyerson- The history of the Confederate Flag
This project tells the story of the confederate battle flag. It has a very long and complicated history, and this project only summarises its complexity. It started off as a flag to represent battle and war in the confederacy but quickly turned into a symbol of racism and hate to African Americans all around America when the civil war was over. Is the flag a form of racism or a form of southern heritage? This is the history of the controversial flag that has changed history and still is to this day.
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The battle of the Alamo- Alexander E
The battle of the Alamo- Alexander E
The battle of the Alamo happened February 23 to March 6, 1836. The battle was between Mexican troops under  General Santa Anna and the Texans who were led by James Bowie and Colonel William Travis. The Mexicans reclaimed The Alamo Mission in Texas
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Asa Mentzel: Women during the gold rush
Asa Mentzel: Women during the gold rush
In writings about the history of the gold rush, there has been a trend that the gold rush was male-dominated. And although there were more men than women, the society in the tent communities upon the mountains and the mines, and the cities in California would’ve completely broken down if it wasn’t for the women of the gold rush. https://daily.jstor.org/yes-women-participated-in-the-gold-rush states that “women staked claims in mines and interacted with the local authorities.” This quote form the article, and the article in large part suggests that Women had a direct effect on the lives in the mines. An article from the SF chronicle preserved by the SF museum has quotes from women who farmed and fed the miners, and the article from the link above says women often divorced their husbands, and went on to become successful entrepreneurs. Women were very independent in some aspects during the gold rush. Women were also very important for understanding the history of the gold rush because from what I have read and seen, they kept most of the long journals. So women are a big part of the reason we have so much information on what life was like in the gold rush. Women were a underrepresented part of the gold rush, and their stories and actions are underreported by the general media.
Link to the video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/16AUiMJ_8N65XYHqjTi_kKBxlRJPJDoeF/view?usp=drivesdk

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Ahmed Azam- commemor
Ahmed Azam- commemorative postage stamp
This is a picture I took of my postage stamp. It is a stamp of the battle of Lexington.
It shows a picture of an American on top of a rock after the battle. It represents finally having freedom and peace.
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Jason Leiva -Modern day immigration
Jason Leiva -Modern day immigration 
This is a picture of the poster I made of modern day immigration. In the middle of the poster the picture represents the children that are locked up in detention centers across the Southern Us border. The questions around it are to explain the reasoning and questions about immigration. 
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Malcolm Oakes Civil war
Malcolm Oakes Civil war

This is a picture of the writing what I had to do to finish this assignment. What I wrote about was the major events before during and after the Civil War. To make this I used iMovie and spent a lot of time filming and editing in finding pictures to go along with it. I am very content on what I have made and I hope you guys like it when you watch my video/if you watch my video.
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Oliver Guo - Civil War
Oliver Guo - Civil War
This is a image I used in my timeline for the 2nd semester final project. It is an image of statistics of how many people died during the Civil War, that shows how many people died on a chart because of The Civil War and it’s many battles during its 4 years. I used this picture because I wanted the people that saw my timeline to see how horrible The civil War really was and how The Civil War caused most mother’s, father’s, wives and children to mourn for their losses.
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Vivian Bu - Women's Rights
Vivian Bu - Women's Rights
This is a drawing I made about women's rights for the stamp project. It shows a fist on fire representing women fighting for their rights and that they can do anything.
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Sujita Karmacharya - Civil War
Sujita Karmacharya - Civil War
This is a poster I made about the Civil War for the Semester 2 Project. It shows the 2 flags held during the Civil War, as well as a quote from Abraham Lincoln. It also has 2 fun facts about the war and it also states when the war started and ended.
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This is a image I us
This is a image I used in my 2nd semester final project. It is a graph that shows the popularity of search’s for Biden, sanders, and warren. In my video I used graphs like this from google trends to figure out when candidates had stand out moments during debates and other events. I used information like that to make my video.-Levi Kauffman
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Avatar of Bradley Lakritz
Bradley Lakritz 7d
This is a picture of my video project about Denman students. I chose to interview Denman students and ask them to describe Denman students. I asked them to tell me stories about their experiences with different classes (6th grade, 7th grade, and 8th grade). I edited their responses for a video.
Avatar of Bradley Lakritz
Bradley Lakritz 7d
This is an example of what you could do . . .
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Chinese imagrants during the gold rush by Maggie li
Chinese immigrants during the gold rush by Maggie Li

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The Gold Rush was a large historical event that shaped the economic landscape in California for years to come. It all started when people found remnants of gold nuggets in the Sacramento valley in 1848. News of this find spread like wildfire to around one hundred thousand people, called 49ers. They were called 49ers because they flooded the area in 1849. The Gold Rush hit a turning point when a man named James Marshall found some gold dust in the stream behind a mill he co-owned with John Sutter. Many people made big risks like spending their life savings or mortgaging property to head to San Francisco to find gold. That is why San Francisco is one of the most culturally diverse places in the world, because people from every race, culture, and religion came here to get a taste of the gold fever. Z 1

Sources:

https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush-of-1849

https://www.historynet.com/james-marshall-californias-gold-discoverer.htm

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As everyone is aware of the coronavirius outbreak and how it made us where we are today. Down below is the graph I chose for this subject because it states in China every cases, infected, deaths of the coronavirius. It may look like most have their heads down but I say keep them up because we’lol find a way to solve it! So fare there are 20% cases, 30% deaths, and for all ages of whom they are infected with is no higher than 15%. And I know this’ll sound over dramatic but it’s true that these numbers will keep rising till we have the cure but until then stay 6 feet apart from people, wear masks, and most importantly STAY SAFE!

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The Mexican american war was a war that occurred 70 years after the US declared its independence in 1776. It all started when President Polk wanted to expand the country by offering Mexico $40 million for CA,UT,NM,AZ, and some of Colorado. However Mexico denied the offer so the US was gonna take it by force, the war lasted for 2 years. Polk blamed the Mexicans for starting the war because they denied the offer and it was because of the manifest destiny when the US was destined to reach the west. Mexico also brought up when the United States annexed Texas and Mexico stated that it's against international law.

After the war Mexico lost and the US won the land. Americans refer this as the Mexican American War while the Mexicans refer this as the U.S invasion. The war was ended after the treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo.

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The California Gold Rush, which occurred in the late 1840’s is an amazing event in History of westward expansion. Thousands of people caught what is called “gold fever” and went searching west to find the “white elephant” as this great adventure was often called. On January 24,1848, James Marshall discovered flakes of metal in the water while overseeing construction at Sutter's Mill on the American River. After numerous tests it turned out to be Gold. This amazing discovery was not kept quiet and word spread like wildfire. Soon people were traveling from all over. People traveled on land and by sea. Both were very risky and most people died of disease. Though the travel was very difficult, 25,000 people made it by sea. Soon 100,00 people made it to California making it a mass migration that changed the course of westward expansion.

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Everyone has heard of the Donner Party; how they became stuck in deep snow, how they ran out of food, and how they supposedly resorted to cannibalism. But most people don’t actually know the whole story of the famous expedition, and what’s true and what’s just myth. The Donner Party, which consisted of somewhere between 80-90 members, began their journey westward from Springfield, Illinois in April of 1846, and was led by brothers George and Jacob Donner. They started out just like anyone else, and followed the California trail until they reached Fort Bridger, Wyoming. They then decided to take a “shortcut” recommended by Lansford Hastings, a selfish trail guide, who told them he would put signs throughout his new path so they would know where to go, even though he wouldn’t go with them. Of course, that’s when things started to go wrong, and, as they were on they were on the trail, they found a note from their guide. According to History.com, Hastings wrote that “the route ahead was more difficult than he thought,” and he told them to “make camp there and wait until he could return to show them a better way.” The party waited for about a week and a half, until they got a note from a messenger telling them to take a different alternate route, and they had to essentially make their own trail, which took a long time. Although they made it through all of this fine, it wasted three weeks worth of travel, and so when they finally made it to Truckee pass, it was too late. They became stuck in the deep snow, and that’s when it got bad. Forced to wait out the winter, the Donner Party ran out of food and supplies, and while it is debated as to whether or not they did cannibalize, they definitely did eat many of their animals, including dogs and horses. A group of 15 people from the Donner Party, called the Snowshoe party, went out to find a settlement and were guided by a local Native American to Johnson’s ranch, where they received help, and, telling the people there of their party’s misfortune, “reliefs” were sent to assist them. Help was sent out in waves, and by the fourth relief, 6 months after they became trapped, the 45 people who had survived had gotten to safety. This disaster, which ended up with half of the party dead, most likely captured our attention because of the alleged cannibalism, but there's more to it than that, as you just learned.

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At least 35 ships that brought gold prospectors to San Francisco are sitt buried beneath the
city. Once ships full of gold hunters arrived in San Francisco, they found no one waiting to leave. Plus, the whole crew would sometimes leave to go gold hunting. These ships would then just sit until they fell apart.
Others like the whaler the Niantic, were run aground and used as saloons, warehouses, or hotels. Still others were purpoesly sunk, covered in sand and trash, and built on top of. Real estate was in such high demand that people would sink ships in shallow Yerba Buena cove, to get the land on top. Yerba Buena cove used to extend all the way to the Transamerica pyramid, before being filled in for more land.
There are so many of these buried ships, that three trolley lines run through a ship. Archaeologists have found two ships in a salvage yard that was run by a man named Charlie Hare. He would take apart ships for their individual parts, that he would sell to gold prospectors. Archaeologists have also found the remains of Galapagos tortoises that settlers had captured for food on their journey.
I feel like this is an important part of our history that many people don’t know about. The gold rush changed San Francisco economically, but also physically. Even onto places that there wasn’t yet land. The sunken ships were deeply important to getting San Francisco started on it’s journey to what it is today.

My map is of the old wharf, the buried ships, and the original coast line. It has two pieces of tracing paper that you can fold over a map of SF today.

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Emperor Norton’s Legacy by Lillian Orcutt

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Emperor Norton’s Legacy by Lillian Orcutt

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My project is about “Emperor” Joshua Abraham Norton. He is a historical San Francisco figure who was born in 1818. He was English, and he arrived in SF in 1849.  He began by establishing a real-estate company, which grew quickly. Within 3 years of this business, he managed to parlay his starting balance into $250,000 or 8 million in today's dollars. In a short amount of time, he had built up his empire and was living very comfortably. Eventually, his wealth and status all came crashing down after a bad business decision. By 1858, he began living in a boarding house, much lower than his usual accommodations. Upon his fall, he likely fell into a depression, and while he remained “in town”, he hid from the public eye. However, he made his reemergence in 1859, in the pages of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin newspaper. He had written a letter, stating that he was declaring himself to be the Emperor of the US, and this letter was an order for representatives of the union to come to the music hall, whereby he would begin altering some laws and changing some things up. His letter was signed, “Norton I, Emperor of the United States.” Later on, he added the title “Protector of Mexico” after Napoleon III invaded them. Over the course of his 20+ year “reign” in the US, he continued to spread his beliefs and “laws” as much as he could. Emperor Norton fought for the rights of African-Americans, Chinese-Americans, Women, Jewish people, and Indigenous Native Americans. He often spent his time at public lectures or debates, to keep himself well versed in what was happening in the country and in his city. Some people questioned his sanity. Some people simply humored him. But there is no doubt that he was a beloved figure set into our history. Some of the best theaters reserved free seats for him. When his extravagant uniform had begun to wear out, the city got him new ones. And when he died in 1880, on his way to a public debate, over 10,000 people attended his funeral. I believe he should be more well known, as he is a very kind part of our history. He fought for people with little to no rights, and he was loved so much by our residents. He had the humanity many others did not.

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The Mexican-American war happened in the year 1846 to 1848. It was a war between Mexico and the U.S. The war started because they were fighting over land (Texas). Before the war started a mexican cavalry attacked a group of the U.S soldiers in the dispute zone. They were commanded by the general  Zachary Taylor and they killed about a dozen of U.S soldiers. This event is very important for us to remember because Texas was not from the US but it was from Mexico . Unfortunately it is usually not well-known because of the fact that Texas is from Mexico not from the US.

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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Chinese immigrants during the gold rush by Maggie Li

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Chinese immigrants during the gold rush by Maggie Li

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If you read a chapter on the gold rush and the railroads, would the Chinese be mentioned? The Chinese immigrants made big contributions to California, like building railroads and working in dangerous jobs that whites refused to work for. At the very beginning, Charles Croker recommended that the central pacific railroad company should hire Chinese workers, but many of his colleagues refused because of racism towards the Chinese. But later on, 90 percent of the railroad workers are Chinese immigrants. According to the History article it stated, “ ‘Chinese received 30-50 percent lower wages than whites for the same job and they had to pay for their own foodstuff,” Chang says. “They also had the most difficult and dangerous work, including tunneling and the use of explosives’(Lenny Kennedy). As you can see, even though the Chinese did work hard, they were still mistreated and still had more expensive taxes than whites. This story about Chinese immigrants matters because they accomplished a lot of things in the united states. The reason why they were not well known was that they were mostly looking down by and looking differently at. Overall, without the Chinese, the railroads wouldn’t be made and it would be made on time that the Congress wanted it to be.

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The Donner Party was a group of people traveling west to California during the westward expansion movement in 1846. They took a shortcut through the Sierras but got stuck due to an early winter and had to go to extreme measures to survive.

The Donner party started out as the Donner-Reed party. The two Donner brothers, George and Jacob Donner, set off from Springfield, Illinois, with their friend, James Reed, and his family. They brought many luxuries with them and traveled 18-20 miles a day. Only the old and sick people rode in wagons, the rest walked. Reed asked his friend, James Clyman, for a shortcut.  Clyman told them to cut across the Wasatch Mountains instead of going to Fort Hall in present day Idaho. Reed was warned that it would be dangerous, but he convinced the Donner brothers to take the shortcut. On July 19, 1846, a group of about 90 emigrants, including the Donner and Reed families, broke off the main trail to take the shortcut. George Donner was elected leader of the group, creating the Donner Party.

Crossing the Salt Desert was very difficult. They had to leave many of their luxuries behind. People started to die. The others turned against each other. They only worried about their own family and not about the whole group. James Reed got in an argument with John Snyder, resulting in Snyder's death. Reed was then banished from the party. Others were desperate and angry also. People were killed in arguments.

When they arrived in Reno, they found the Sierras already snowcapped. Two Miwok men joined them. They all reached what is now Lake Donner on the night of October 31, 1846. The Miwoks advised them to cross the lake that night, but the majority wanted to stay the night and rest. In the morning, they found that more snow had fallen, and they couldn't get past the lake. The party tried for over 20 days to cross the lake but were unable to because of the heavy snowfall.       There was one cabin from previous emigrants, but the rest of the families had to make shelters out of natural materials. A group of people called the Forlorn Hope party went ahead, but most of them died. Back at the lake many died, including Jacob Donner. Around Christmas, there was a lot of rain. The Forlorn Hope party, now stuck as well, considered killing someone for food. The Miwok men refused to eat human flesh, so they were killed and eaten by the others. Parents at the lake told their children to eat them when they died, and the children obeyed.    Finally, 7 members of the Forlorn Hope party made it to the safety of a Miwok village.

At long last, help started to come, but it still wouldn't be enough to save everyone. On February 19, a rescue team made it to the lake. 23 people were taken from the camp. They then got stuck on their way out and more people starved. A second relief team took 17 people, but they left them in a storm and only saved themselves. The 3rd relief team left with 11 people but only 9 made it to safety. Some people were too sick to go, and others stayed with their sick family members. The fourth and final team arrived to find only Lewis Keseberg and the half-eaten remains of his campmates. They successfully got him to safety. Of the eighty-seven pioneers who took the shortcut, thirty-nine died and forty-eight survived. Five were dead before the wagons ascended the Sierra Nevada, fourteen died at the lake camp, eight died at Alder Creek, and twelve died during the escape attempts.

When remembering this story, it is important to think about it from all perspectives. Though this is a well-known story, it is not widely known that the members of the Donner party killed Native Americans because they refused to take part in cannibalism. It is important to look at this version of the story because it shows what extremes people would take when traveling west. I think that the killing of Native Americans was in part because of manifest destiny . The white settlers believed that they could do anything with the open land and its inhabitants in the west. I think that the story of the Native Americans is not told because it brings up that this event wasn't just a tragedy, there were still atrocities committed against Native Americans. It brings anger because people were killed into the sadness of the people who starved . The Donner party is an excellent example that helps us learn about westward expansion, but there are some aspects that need to be talked about more often.

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Angel Island Immigration Station by Nicholas Chang and Tommy Li

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Angel Island Immigration Station by Nicholas Chang and Tommy Li

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Angel Island Immigration Station was opened in 1910 to 1940. Angel Island Immigration Station held immigrants, particularly Asians. In the Angel Island Immigration Station, immigrants were detained and interrogated. They could be detained for as little as two weeks up to six months. Some were detained for up to two years! They were being detained and interrogated so they could ask obscure questions that were difficult to answer, ultimately getting them deported. When detained, they would be separated by men and women and would spend most of their time in barracks. Some even carved out poems in the barracks to express how they felt. In the end, a fire burned down the Angel Island Administration Building and the U.S. abandoned Angel Island. The immigrants’ version of the story matters because they aren’t well-known. They aren’t well-known because not a lot of people know what happened on Angel Island, especially to the immigrants. They should be well-known because immigrants are what makes up most of San Francisco. The whites wrote more about Ellis Island than Angel Island because Ellis Island was a busier immigration station than Angel Island. Also more people immigrated through Ellis Island than Angel Island.

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The Louisiana Purchase diorama by Dahlia Bolanos 

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The Louisiana Purchase diorama by Dahlia Bolanos 

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On May 2nd, 1803, a treaty between the U.S and France was signed that gave America control over about 828,000 square miles of land. This huge change almost doubled the size of America. This land stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi River to the rocky mountains. France had just regained the territory after giving it to Spain in the French and Indian war. They regained it in a secret treaty with Spain because Spain had been cut off from America by the British. When France had regained the territory, they repealed a treaty that was made between America and Spain that let American farmers and merchants store goods in New Orleans through the Mississippi river without having to pay. After the French took this “right” away, America was about to go into war with France over Florida and New Orleans. Men such as Alexander Hamilton, the governor of the Mississippi Territory, and Federalist Senator James Ross of Pennsylvania, were figuring out how much militiamen it would take to seize the land. Instead, Thomas Jefferson was given a suggestion to purchase the land instead. So he did by sending James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate with Napoleon. They were originally asking for Florida and New Orleans for about $9.4 million or ⅔ of Louisiana. However Napoleon was struggling with an upcoming war with Great Britain, France’s economic issues, AND a slave revolution in Haiti (also known as Saint-Domingue) (learn more about that in sources below), therefore, suggested giving America the entire 828,000 square miles for only a total of about $14 million. A lot of Federalists did not like the idea of this treaty, nor did Napoleon’s brothers, who actually tried to talk him out of it, but the Louisiana Purchase treaty was ratified.

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The Salem Witch Trials diorama by Naima Ellers

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The Salem Witch Trials diorama by Naima Ellers

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The Salem witch trials began in the late 1691during winter. In Salem Massachusetts people were starting to be accused of witchcraft and were starting to get sent to trial. It all started when little girls claimed to be having the feeling of  knife-like pain, cocking, pinching, and other unpleasant sensations. Many doctors investigated this including Reverend Parris and they started to conclude that it was witchcraft. The girls accused a couple of people for the cause of their illness and there was a woman named Tituba that was a suspect who confessed that she was a witch. Other women joined Tituba in jail along with two men as they were going to be on trial. This was very to tell if they were a witch so the judges could only trust the accuser. During the trial the girls were the only evidence they had to tell if the accused witch was really a witch. If the victim started screaming they knew they were guilty even if the accused witch didn’t visibly do anything. Between June and October, twenty people were killed because of witchcraft and more than a hundred suspected witches remained in jail. In May 1693 the witch trials ended and was said to be a great mistake.

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Slavery in California And the crime in testimony laws.-by Arely Martinez 

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Slavery in California And the crime in testimony laws.-by Arely Martinez 

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slavery in California began with “enslavement of indigenous Californians.Many free ,and enslaved people were later able to buy their families freedom .Back then there was a law that said “black people couldn't testify against a white man”.there was a man that was beat and killed and since the killer was a white man no one would testify so he ended up only receiving 2 years in prison.Slavery in California came to hold a place in history in 1850.This version of the story matters because there was no equality.This should be well known because it was a very important part of history,it changed many people's life.

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This is part of the essay I wrote about the Westward Expansion. The Gold Rush started in California when gold was found. A newspaper of the discovery of gold was printed a month or so after the gold was found. The people that rushed to the ‘gold mines’ first were the people that first lived in California. But settlers from Oregon and parts of Mexico rushed to the gold mines to seek their fortune. California was heavily populated over the span of 10 years, resulting in a population of about 300,000 people. This population of people caused the small military state for Mexico to turn into a US state because of the compromise of 1850.

Next came the Transcontinental Railroad in the western expansion. The transcontinental railroad was to connect the west to the east coasts of the US. The first concrete plans were made in 1845. But the construction of the railroad did not start until 1863. But even then, the progress was slow because of the lack of resources and labor. With the civil war in action during the time of the railroad, the labor relayed on Chinese emigrants. During the creation of the railroad, a gold rush was starting so it brought more Chinese emigrants for work and their fortune. The railroad was eventually finished on May 10th, 1869.

We’re nearing the end of the western expansion and to wrap it up is the homestead act of 1862. The homestead act was opening the lands of the west to settlers who never went against the government. With the Preemption Act of 1841, the land was also super cheap. The homestead act needed settlers to do 3 steps to claim 160 acres of approved land. First came the application for the land, they had to live on the land for 5 years and finally, they had to make improvements to the land. After the 5 years, the settlers could file for the deed to the land and send the paperwork to the government. It also had a small registration fee but the land was free, the land could also be claimed under a 6 month residency and the settlers living on the land, gave the government $1.25 per acre of land.

Those were all of the major events that took place in the western expansion. The western expansion took around 100 years, but gave the British who came here, a new home. Personally, I/we think 100 is quite a short amount of time to claim the western part of the land, and make it so settlers could live on it. The western expansion was quite cruel to the natives, who were here first. Like how in modern times, we’re racist about jobs, living, practically almost everything. We still somewhat are, but like how the British came over, made a government, and created a country, it took time. That’s what happens with change, change took time in the past and it takes time in modern times. Change can be bad or good, depending on how you see the change. But what we’ve learned is that violence is never good, like how during the western expansion, all the wars ended in a peaceful route by the treaties.

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This is a poster I made for the Liberator Summary Assignment. This poster is about discrimination on railroads. The poster shows a horse and coach, with quotes from the website I used to teach more about what happened and what their "rules" were to ride. Basically, people of color could not step into one of the vehicles without the others talking bad about them. If colored people did ride in the vehicle, some would be told to sit on the floor because of their odor.

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This is a journal I made depicting the big events of the civil war, lasting from December 20, 1860 and stays updated until May 26, 1865. It’s written in the perspective of a journalist named Ann Wilson. She follows the specifics of the victories the Confederates took, because she thought it would be useful if someone kept tabs on them. Ann didn’t want to be another person recording the Unions victories, because there were plenty of people recording them. She writes the events down, each dated like a timeline, and below writes what she felt and experienced. The journalist is not in favor of what the Confederates are doing, she is not biased to either side of the war, the purpose of the journal was to show another perspective of the war. Most of the journal entries have pictures to help readers understand and visualize events and important figures. All the pictures in the journal are from real events in the war with some drawings accurately depicting the events that couldn’t be photographed. The Ann Wilson who wrote in this journal is completely fictional, but the events aren’t. The goal of my project is to educate readers on what the Confederates did and how they made an impact.  The image shown is a sample of one of the pages in her journal.

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The Mexican American war started over a dispute over whether Texas ended at the nueces river or the Rio grande. This war lasted two years (April 1846-February 1848). The Americans won the war but I feel as if it wasn’t fair because we all know that the land was meant to be for Mexico. The war ended because Mexico had no choice but to ask for peace, Because a total of 25,000 Mexicans were killed or wounded in the war.(The peace treaty that they signed was known as the treaty of the Guadalupe Hidalgo, it was signed in February 1848). I feel like they should talk about this more in school because it’s important to know what happened and it’s a part of my history because I’m Mexican and I’m proud.

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The Reconstruction was between 1865-1877. Reconstruction began after the Civil War. Its purpose was to restore the South and readmit them back into the Union. Also to help the African Americans get back into society. In 1865, the thirteenth amendment was passed to abolish slavery, the Freedmen’s Bureau was established, and the Civil War ended. But let’s not forgot, that President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Booth. Vice President Andrew Johnson  became the 17th President. In the following years, the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments were passed. The Ku Klux Klan was formed, and President Johnson was impeached, but Congress failed to remove him from office. Was Reconstruction successful?? Reconstruction was both a success and a failure. It was a success, because it unified the nation. The former Confederate states draft new constitutions. We have the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Amendments. We also pleaded our loyalty to the US government. The Freedmen’s Bureau was established, and many African Americans got an education. Black men were elected into the government. African Americans got lots of opportunities during Reconstruction. However, Reconstruction failed in most measures. Federal and state governments failed to ensure equal rights and provide protection for African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan were people dressed in robes that attacked African Americans and whites that helped them. This was a danger to people. Poverty was also an issue. White Southerns lost their land, and freed blacks didn’t have many job opportunities. Sharecropping and tenant farming wasn’t fair, since workers and the owners of the land got half of the product. Even after all of this, Reconstruction is still an important part of US history.

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James Whittaker Buenaventura: Jamestown, Virginia 

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James Whittaker Buenaventura: Jamestown, Virginia 

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This is poster I made about the Virginia for the 2nd semester. In this poster you will see a map of Jamestown, Virginia at 1607-1699. I also wrote ideas about Jamestown, Virginia such as what was going on and other insights.

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This is the slideshow and essay I wrote about the western expansion.
The western expansion started in 1763, when France gave it’s western part of the North America territory to Spain. Come March of 1801, Napoleon wanted an empire in North America, so Spain gave back the Louisiana Territory to France. Thomas Jefferson sent Robert R. Livingston went to France to strike a deal to buy New Orleans. Two years later, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Livingston to make another offer to buy New Orleans. In April of 1803, Napoleon gave up his dreams of building an empire because of the upcoming war. So Napoleon offered all of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Jefferson accepted this offer so the US gained 828,000 square miles which doubled the territory. In June of 1803, Jefferson wanted to find a water route from Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. So he appointed his best man, Merriweather Lewis to go on an exploration. Lewis asked his old friend William Clark to join him on leading the exploration. So then Lewis and Clark set on an exploration to find a water route in May of 1804. Lewis and Clark found new things and met new people on their exploration. November 15th, 1805, Lewis and Clark after many experiences finally reached the Pacific Ocean. September of 1806, Lewis, Clark and the survivors returned back to the US after their journey.

In the year of 1812, the United States and Great Britain entered into a war. The prime reason for this was that Britain was stopping American ships and forcing the sailors into the British military. This was called ‘impressment’. There were a lot of other reasons too, much this was the main reason why. Each side of the war were equally balanced and either could gain an advantage over the other. So eventually, this was resolved by the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on December 24, 1814.

1818, US and Britain discuss a border between Canada, which was a part of Britain at the time and the current US during the Anglo-American Convention. In May of 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act. The natives were forced into moving west, away from their native lands. Some accepted this, while others held a resistance. This act started with the Choctaw tribe in 1831 and ended with the Cherokees in 1838. The Cherokees didn’t want to move from their lands so they were forced. This forced act was called the ‘Trail of Tears’ because of the hardships the Natives faced in the forced removal.

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Ellie Meyerson- The history of the Confederate Flag

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Ellie Meyerson- The history of the Confederate Flag

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This project tells the story of the confederate battle flag. It has a very long and complicated history, and this project only summarises its complexity. It started off as a flag to represent battle and war in the confederacy but quickly turned into a symbol of racism and hate to African Americans all around America when the civil war was over. Is the flag a form of racism or a form of southern heritage? This is the history of the controversial flag that has changed history and still is to this day.

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The battle of the Alamo happened February 23 to March 6, 1836. The battle was between Mexican troops under  General Santa Anna and the Texans who were led by James Bowie and Colonel William Travis. The Mexicans reclaimed The Alamo Mission in Texas

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In writings about the history of the gold rush, there has been a trend that the gold rush was male-dominated. And although there were more men than women, the society in the tent communities upon the mountains and the mines, and the cities in California would’ve completely broken down if it wasn’t for the women of the gold rush. https://daily.jstor.org/yes-women-participated-in-the-gold-rush states that “women staked claims in mines and interacted with the local authorities.” This quote form the article, and the article in large part suggests that Women had a direct effect on the lives in the mines. An article from the SF chronicle preserved by the SF museum has quotes from women who farmed and fed the miners, and the article from the link above says women often divorced their husbands, and went on to become successful entrepreneurs. Women were very independent in some aspects during the gold rush. Women were also very important for understanding the history of the gold rush because from what I have read and seen, they kept most of the long journals. So women are a big part of the reason we have so much information on what life was like in the gold rush. Women were a underrepresented part of the gold rush, and their stories and actions are underreported by the general media.

Link to the video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/16AUiMJ_8N65XYHqjTi_kKBxlRJPJDoeF/view?usp=drivesdk

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Ahmed Azam- commemorative postage stamp
This is a picture I took of my postage stamp. It is a stamp of the battle of Lexington.
It shows a picture of an American on top of a rock after the battle. It represents finally having freedom and peace.

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This is a picture of the poster I made of modern day immigration. In the middle of the poster the picture represents the children that are locked up in detention centers across the Southern Us border. The questions around it are to explain the reasoning and questions about immigration.

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This is a picture of the writing what I had to do to finish this assignment. What I wrote about was the major events before during and after the Civil War. To make this I used iMovie and spent a lot of time filming and editing in finding pictures to go along with it. I am very content on what I have made and I hope you guys like it when you watch my video/if you watch my video.

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This is a image I used in my timeline for the 2nd semester final project. It is an image of statistics of how many people died during the Civil War, that shows how many people died on a chart because of The Civil War and it’s many battles during its 4 years. I used this picture because I wanted the people that saw my timeline to see how horrible The civil War really was and how The Civil War caused most mother’s, father’s, wives and children to mourn for their losses.

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This is a drawing I made about women's rights for the stamp project. It shows a fist on fire representing women fighting for their rights and that they can do anything.

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This is a poster I made about the Civil War for the Semester 2 Project. It shows the 2 flags held during the Civil War, as well as a quote from Abraham Lincoln. It also has 2 fun facts about the war and it also states when the war started and ended.

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This is a image I used in my 2nd semester final project. It is a graph that shows the popularity of search’s for Biden, sanders, and warren. In my video I used graphs like this from google trends to figure out when candidates had stand out moments during debates and other events. I used information like that to make my video.-Levi Kauffman