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During the 1800s, several European nations had competed to set up colonies in Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world.

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In the early 1900s, tensions increased among the European powers.

By 1900, much of the world's land area was already under the control of European powers.

In the early 1900s, Germany set out to expand its naval forces and the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe was aflame with nationalist rivalries.

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In 1905, Russia lost a war with Japan. The conflict cost Russia land and money.

Following a workers' uprising in 1905, the czar allowed a duma, or parliament, to meet.

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In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over Serbia's neighbor, Bosnia.

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In 1912, the Balkan League—Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia—declared war on the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the Turks lost nearly all their European territory.

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By 1914, two major alliances had been created. The Triple Alliance was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Then Britain, France, and Russia joined in the Triple Entente.

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In June 1914, in Sarajevo,the Archduke and his wife were shot and killed.

On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Germany aided its ally Austria-Hungary and declared war on Russia on August 1. It then declared war on France, Russia's ally.

On August 4, German forces invaded Belgium, breaking a treaty that had guaranteed Belgium's neutrality.

In September 1914, the French and British stopped the German advance on the Western Front.

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In February 1915, the Germans warned that they would sink any ship entering British waters.

The British passenger liner Lusitania ignored the warning and sailed into the war zone. A German submarine torpedoed the ship, killing more than 1,100 passengers.

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In January 1917, German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico. Zimmermann suggested that Mexico should ally itself with Germany. In return, Mexico could reclaim "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona."Also, Germany announced that it would sink on sight all merchant vessels sailing to Allied ports.

In March 1917, striking workers demanding peace and bread flooded the streets of St. Petersburg.

On April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War I.

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In late 1917, the Allies were in great need of American help. Years of trench warfare had worn out their armies.

In 1917, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration. It promised Jews a homeland in the Palestine Mandate.

In October 1917, the soviets in Russia's two largest cities, St. Petersburg and Moscow, were under Bolshevik control.

In November 1917, the Bolsheviks captured St. Petersburg's Winter Palace, which was the location of the temporary government.

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In early 1918, Lenin made peace with Germany and gave up large areas of Russia's empire.

German troops on the Eastern Front were moved west and a larger German army advanced on Paris in 1918.

On June 1, American and French troops stopped the Germans' advance.

In late September, the Americans began their own massive attack and broke through the enemy lines.

On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice, ending the war.

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In January 1919, peace talks began at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. The major figures at the talks were U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, French premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlando.

In 1919, Greece invaded Turkey. Turkish armies led by General Mustafa Kemal drove out the Greeks and overthrew the Ottoman sultan.

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In the 1920s, the leader Ibn Saud united most of the Arabian Peninsula.

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In 1921, the Whites gave up. Lenin and the Communists now controlled all of Russia.

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Turkey became a republic in 1923.

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In 1932, Ibn Saud founded the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.