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Language development refers to childrens emerging abilities to understand and use language.

Language systems:

Phonology (unit of a sound)

Morphology (smallest meaningful unit in a language)

Syntax

Semantics

Sentential

Lexical

(study of a word, phrase, or sentence meaning)

Pragmatics (social contexts)

Prag = Preg = Pregnant = Don't randomly ask a lady if she is pregnant!

1. Orthography is the written system of spelling patterns and correspondences between speech and print (6).

Page 254.

2. Diagraph

Di = Two

A pair of letters that make one sound.

Ex: PHone, elePHant, graPH

Page 11 and 129

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3. Phoneme - a speech sound that combines with others in a language system to make words

4. Morpheme - the smallest meaningful unit of language

5. Semantics - a group of words that are treated as members of a category

Types of semantics: sentential and lexical

6. Syntax - the rule system governing sentence formation; the study of sentence structure, including how phrases and clauses are combined to form sentences

7. Pragmatics - the system of rules and conventions for using language and related gestures in social contexts; the study of that rule system

8. Phoneme awareness - the conscious awareness that words are made up of segments of our own speech that are represented with letters in an alphabetic orthography

9. Dyslexia - a developmental reading disorder whose primary symptoms are poor word recognition and spelling

10. Hyperlexia - a developmental reading disorder characterized by good word recognition and poor language comprehension

11. Grapheme - a letter or letter combination that spells a single phoneme, a grapheme could be one to four letters

12. Automaticity - fluent performance without the conscious deployment of attention

13. Alphabetic Principle - the idea or concept that letters and letter combinations represent phonemes in an orthography

(Defined by Speech to Print Book)

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Counting phonemes

If the "e" is silent, then it goes outside of the boxes.

Crying Baby = aaaaa

Test of Phoneme Identities

Verbal Test

Do NOT emphasize phonemes

Test Example: We'll see the moon soon.

Say: /s/ Do you hear /s/ in moon or soon?

Answer should be soon.

Emojis = global // universal language

Pseudoword test = testing vowels to decode word, really tests rules of spelling because students are not given context.

(Notes from Lecture)

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14. Phonetics - the study of linguistic speech sounds and how they are produced and perceived

15. Metalinguistic - pertaining to an acquired awareness of language structure and function that allows one to reflect on and consciously manipulate the language

16. Coarticulated - words or sounds spoken together so that separate segments are not easily detected

17. Consonants - a phoneme that is not a vowel and is formed with obstruction of the flow of air with the teeth, lips, or tongue; also called a closed sound in some instructional programs

The English language has more than 40 consonants.

18. Vowel - an open phoneme that is the nucleus of every syllable and is classified by tongue position and height, such as high/low or front/mid/back

The English language has 15 vowel phonemes.

19. Obstruent - consonants that are produced with an obstruction of the air stream, including stops, fricatives, and affricates

20. Voiced - a sound created with vibrating vocal chords

21. Unvoiced - spoken with no vocal resonance

22. Stops - a consonant speech sound that is articulated with greater loudness, duration, or pitch

23. Continuants - speech sound that can be spoken uninterrupted until the speaker runs out of breath

24. Fricatives - a class of speech sounds articulated with a hiss or friction

25. Affricates - consonant phoneme articulated as a stop before a fricative, such as /ch/ or /j/

26. Liquids - speech sound in which air is obstructed but not enough to cause friction

27. Vowel-r / r-controlled - a vowel immediately followed by the consonant /r/

28. Schwa - a nondistinct vowel found in unstressed syllables

(Defined by Speech to Print Book)

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29. Phonological awareness is a broad skill that includes identifying individual parts such as rime, onset, words, and syllables.

30. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, understand, and manipulate individual sounds. These are called phonemes in spoken language.

31. Onset is the initial phonological unit of any word.
Ex: C in C/at, or H in H/at

32. Rime is the string of letters that follow the onset. Normally a vowel and consonants.
Ex: /at/ in C/at/ or H/at/

These are decoding skills.

(Defined by Speech to Print Book and Reading Rockets)

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Morphos means "form or structure" in Greek. Eme means an element or a piece of something.

33. Emergent Literacy: A term that is used to explain a child's knowledge of reading and writing skills before they learn how to read and write.

Experimenting with reading and learning that print has meaning.

Begins at PreK level.

After EL is when children pick up on alphabetic awareness.

Oral language, phonological awareness, print knowledge.

Learning oral to print connections:

Show them an apples and say "apple". As they get older, incorporate the written word.

Environmental print.

Syllable clapping, rhyming games, and songs.

Hears and repeats.

"Brown bear, brown bear"

Stages:

1. Prephonemic

2. Semiphonemic

3. Phonemic

4. Transitional

5. Standard

34. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone with meaning.

(Notes from lecture. Defined by Speech to Print Book.)

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35. Geoffrey Chaucer -  was an English poet and author. Widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales. He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry" and the written language.

36. Dipthong - vowels that have a glide and may feels as though they have two parts, especially the vowels /ou/ as in house and /oi/ as in oil

37. Graphotactic - referring to patterns and rules of letter use in an orthography, knowledge of which may be implicit or explicitly learned

38. Anglo-Saxon Vowels - a, e, i, o, u, y, ea, eo, ie, and ae

(Defined by CLG, Speech to Print, and Wiki)

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ADHD and Dyslexia are 504/IEP only, not considered a learning disability. IEP is a step above 504.

Dyscalcula is the dyslexia of math.

(Notes from Lecture)

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Emergent Literacy (Stage 0)
Children are developing phonemic awareness and letter recognition.
Beginning readers phase.
No grade level (PreK-K)

Beginning Reading Lesson (Stage 1)
Initial reading and decoding.

Teaching Reading Sources
Structure of English and Spanish.
Different domains.
Whys and hows.
Lesson plans.

(Notes from Lecture)

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39. Quantitative

Focuses on numbers and values

Outcomes are about knowledge and comprehension

Define, classify, recall, and recognize

Measures variables

Statistical date analysis

Easily replicated

40. Qualitative

Focuses on narratives

Why and How

Application, analysis, synthesis, evaluate

Seeks to explain and understand

Clusive evidence

(The Report by Class Central)

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Conjunctions and Clauses // Chapter 6 and 7

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Conjunctions and Clauses // Chapter 6 and 7

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41. Independent clause - a group of words with a subject and predicate that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

42. Dependent clause - a clause that CANNOT stand alone that must be attached to an independent clause.

43. Subordinating conjunction - a connecting word that joins a dependent, subordinating clause to an independent clause.

44. Prescriptive grammar - the attempts of grammarians to define, legislate, or dictate proper use of language in a culture, especially for published writing.
Ex: Trying to dictate the right prescription for a sick patient.

(Defined by Speech to Print Book)

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45. Echo reading is a type of instruction in which students read text after teacher reads it aloud.

Helps students develop fluency, expression, and decoding skills.

Normally read in small chunks.

46. Paired reading is a research based fluency strategy used with readers who lack fluency, students read aloud to each other.
Partner high level readers with low level readers.

47. Choral Reading is when a student, or a group of students reads a passage together, with or without a teacher.

(Defined by Dictionary)

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I do, We do, You do

Teacher explains concept concisely and directly with familiar instructional routines in place.

48. Explicit teaching is brisk-paced, provide the time for students to verbalize sounds, words, and concepts, along with time to read aloud.

49. Sight words - commonly used words that students are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, do not have to be sounded out or consciously decoded

50. Chall's Six Stages of Reading Development

Stage 0: Prereading: Birth to Age 6.

Stage 1: Initial Reading and Decoding: Ages 6-7: Grades 1-2.

Stage 2: Confirmation and Fluency: Ages 7-8: Grades 2-3.

Stage 3: Reading for Learning the New: Ages 8-14: Grades 4-8.

Stage 4: Multiple Viewpoints: Ages 15-18: Grades 9-12.

Stage 5: Construction and Reconstruction: Ages 18+: College level and beyond.

(Defined by Speech to Print Book)

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Chall's Stages PDF

Stage 0: Child pretends to "read", retells stories, print own name, recognizes alphabet letters, recognizes signs, plays with books, pencils, and paper.

Stage 1: Child learns the relation between letters and sounds, and between printed and spoken words. Sound out one syllable words.

Stage 2: Fluency increases as students read familiar stories. Decoding elements are introduced along with sight words. Students learn how to pull meaning from text.

Stage 3: Reading is used to learn new ideas and gain knowledge. It introduces experience and feelings, students learn what perspectives are and base their attitudes on them.

Stage 4: Introducing expository and narrative reading materials. The texts are complex with multiple view points.

Stage 5: Reading is used for individual needs by integrating one's knowledge with that of others.

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The three components are accuracy, rate, and prosody.

51. Prosody: An element of fluency. Expressive reading composed of timing, phrasing, and intonation, allowing a reader to convey meaning to words.

Pros is similar to props, which reminds me of theatre and acting with expressions and feelings.

Prosody = expression

52. Fluency is the ability to read like you speak, you are reading with automatic word recognition.

This can be built by reading a variety of genres and reading at or above the frustration level.

Fluency Calculator

(Defined by Speech to Print, Fluency Module, and Dictionary)