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0.     Introduction
1.     Defintion of "Industrial Revolution"
2.     Why the process began in Britain?
2.1   Inventions
2.2   Raw Materials
2.3   Transport routes
2.4   No war in the own country
3.     Results
4.     How coal was mined and iron produced  before the industrial revolution?
4.1   How coal was mined before the industrial revolution?
4.1  (a and b) Pictures
4.2   How iron produced before the industrial revolution?
5.     Changes in the mining of coal an iron
5.1   Changes in the production of coal and iron
5.2   Coal mining was more and more dangerous
6.     Summary
7.     Glossary
8.     Bibliography

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Now i explain, why my topic was important for the industrial revolution:

Hard coal was the fuel for the steam engines.

The steam engines initially pumped the water from coal mines. Then textile machines were driven and finally the railways were moved.

Iron and steel are valuable raw materials that were used almost exclusively for armor or weapons.

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1. DEFINITION OF "Industrial Revolution"

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1. DEFINITION OF "Industrial Revolution"

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Industrial Revolution means in modern history:

"The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing"

This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Historians conventionally distinguish the Industrial Revolution into two part:

What is called the first Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-18th century to about 1830 and was mostly confined to Britain.

The second Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century and took place in Britain, continental Europe, North America, and Japan. Later in the 20th century, the second Industrial Revolution spread to other parts of the world.

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2. Why the process began in Britain? The main reasons are:

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2. Why the process began in Britain? The main reasons are:

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In England, important inventions were made that made it possible to manufacture things faster and cheaper in factories:

2.1 Inventions

1764: JAMES HARGREAVES invented the "Spinning Jenny"

1769: RICHARD ARKWRIGHT invented a spinning machinery, which operated by water power (called "water frame")

1769: JAMES WATT invented the "steam engine"

1785: EDMUND CARTWRIGHT invented the first "wool combing machine"

1814: GEORGE STEPHENSON invented the first "steam locomotive".

1829: The first railway was build between Liverpool und Manchester. .

2.2  Raw materials

There were enough raw materials in England's colonies. England also had good coal reserves in its own country.

2.3 Transport routes

England is a sea power an has the possibiltiy to brought the raw materials in (from the colonies). England had good transport routes in the country because it had expanded its canal network early on. In the 19th century it also expanded the railway network.

2.4 No war in the own country

Although England was involved in many wars, people in their own country did not suffer the direct consequences of war as they did on the continent. This also contributed to the development of the industry.

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Most of the inventions (2.1) were used in the English textile industry, where they led to a huge increase in productivity:

The multitude of small factories had to make way for more and more large factories equipped with new machines. In them, in large-scale and mass production based on the division of labor, significantly more textiles could be produced much faster and much cheaper.

Rail and railway construction (2.3) demanded, on the one hand, a rapid increase in coal and iron ore production, and, on the other hand, the rapid development of the iron and steel industry.

The basis of these developments were the rich coal and iron ore deposits in Central England (2.2). The country's first blast furnaces were also built here. This in turn was the basis for the settlement of companies in the metalworking industry and mechanical engineering.

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4. How coal was mined and iron produced  before the industrial revolution?

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4. How coal was mined and iron produced  before the industrial revolution?

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4.1 How coal was mined before the industrial revolution?
Before the industrial revolution two types of mines existed: drift mines and bell pits. Both were small-scale coal mines and the coal which came from these type of pits was used locally in homes and local industry.
=> Have a look to the two pictures (4.1.a) and (4.1.b) which explain this types of mining

4.2. How iron produced before the industrial revolution?
Before industrial revolution people put the iron ore together with charcoal in blast furnaces. Bellows powered by water wheels blew air into the blast furnace and thus supplied additional oxygen. In the blast furnace, solid pig iron was finally formed at low combustion temperatures around 1100 ° C, which contained almost no carbon and was therefore soft and malleable. Liquid pig iron was produced at temperatures around 1600 ° C.

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The name bell pit comes from the shape of the excavation, with a narrow vertical shaft sunk into the coal or iron ore seam, which was then opened out into a small chamber. Coal was cut by using picks and shovels. Man and coal were transported by a basket. Candles or lamps were used for illumination. As indicated in the photograph this is the earliest system of underground mining.

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Drift mines: All horizontal or subhorizontal development openings made in a mine have the generic name of drift. These are simply tunnels made in the rock, with a size and shape depending on their use—for example, haulage, ventilation, or exploration.

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5. Changes in the mining of coal and iron...

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5. Changes in the mining of coal and iron...

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5.1 The changes in the production of coal and iron

As the country started to industrialise itself, more and more coal was needed to fuel steam engines and furnaces. The development of factories by Arkwrigth and the improvement of the steam engine by Watt (2.1) further increased demand for coal. People pushed deeper and deeper into the mines because the steam engines made it possible to pump out the pit water from a greater depth than before.

As a result, Coal shafts could go hundreds of feet into the ground. Once a coal seam was found, the miners dug horizontally. However, underground the miners faced very real and great dangers.

The increase in coal production :

1700: 2.7 million tonnes

1750: 4.7 million tonnes

1800: 10 million tonnes

1850: 50 million tonnes

Coal was need to produce iron. At the beginning of the 18 th century iron makers found a way to extract pure iron out of iron ore. They used coke, which was purer than coal and burned hotter, to melt the ore. Coal and iron ore were melted in a blast furnace to produce steel.

5.2 Coal mining became more and more dangerous

"In one unnamed coal mine, 58 deaths out of a total of 349 deaths in one year, involved children thirteen years or younger. Life for all those who worked underground was very hard."

In 1842, Parliament published a report about the state of coal mining – the Mines Report – and its contents shocked the nation. The report informed the public that children under five years of age worked underground as trappers for 12 hours a day and for 2 pennies a day; older girls carried baskets of dug coal which were far too heavy for them and caused deformities in these girls.

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Before the eighteenth century, Britain — and the rest of Europe — had produced coal, but only in a limited quantity.

Coal pits were small, and half were opencast mines (just big holes in the surface).

Their market was just the local area, and their businesses were localized, usually just the sideline of a larger estate.

Drowning and suffocation were also real problems.​

During the period of the industrial revolution as demand for coal soared thanks to iron and steam, as the technology to produce coal improved and the ability to move it increased, coal experienced a massive escalation.

From 1700 to 1750 production increased by 50% and nearly another 100% by 1800. During the later years of the first revolution, as steam power really took a firm grip, this rate of increase soared to 500% by 1850.

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bellows                - Blasebalg
coal shafts          - Kohleschächte
coke                     - Koks
deposits              - Einlagen/ Lager
furnace oven      - Schmelzofen
invention             - Erfindung
iron                       - Eisen
iron ore                - Eisenerz
railway construction- Verkehrswege
slag                       - Schlacke

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a) Text

Work sheets

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolution

https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution (28.4.2021)

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/changes-to-iron-production/ (30.4.2021)

https://youtu.be/_g3mw6-Wcgo (1.5.2021)

b) Pictures:

"Bell Pit" - staffspasttrack.org.uk (2.5.2021)

"drift mines" - https://www.britannica.com/technology/drift-mining (25.1.2021)