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A periodic motion or variation about a state of equilibrium. Also known as vibration.

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This type of wave requires medium to travel.

Examples: sound, slinky, rope.

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This type of wave can travel through vacuum; in other words, it does not require medium to travel.

Examples: light, radio waves.

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In this wave, the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of travel and energy transfer.

Examples: rope, light, ripples, ocean waves.

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In this wave, the oscillation is in the same direction as the direction of travel and energy transfer.

Examples: slinky, sound.

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The number of oscillations happening within one second. Measured in hertz (Hz).

Formula: f = 1/T

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The amount of time taken by a wave to complete one oscillation. Measured in seconds.

Formula: T = 1/f

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The distance between two crests or two troughs in a transverse wave, or between two compressions or two rarefactions in a longitudinal wave. Measured in metres.

Formula: λ = vT = v/f

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The speed at which a wave propagates or travels. Measured in metres per second.

Formula: v = λ/T = λf