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the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.

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a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform.

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the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

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a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons.

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the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

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an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.

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a North Vietnamese revolutionary and politician. He served as Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and then its President from 1945 to 1969.

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a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

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a failed attempt by US-sponsored Cuban exiles to reverse Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, beginning with a military invasion of northern Cuba.

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a war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.

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The Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962.

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an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions.

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the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

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a geopolitical strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States.

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treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization Warsaw Treaty Organization composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

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endowed with the outward symbols of authority but in which direction and control are exercised by another power.

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a notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.

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an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations

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one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with ensuring international peace and security, accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its charter.

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an intergovernmental organization responsible for maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

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refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy.

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the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

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the World War II genocide of the European Jews.

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an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions.

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a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan and the Axis powers during World War II.

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in World War II on which Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy

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an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.

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international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.

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an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940

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authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy

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a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

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Het Economisch Bureau schrijft dagelijks over ontwikkelingen in de macro-economie. Bekijk al onze publicaties en columns.

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a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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An Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British Rule, and in turn inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

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a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China

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a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.

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ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

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a international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy and improving global welfare

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a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico.

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a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines largely comprising military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

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Germany formed her own alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, known as the Triple alliance. They were also referred to as the Central Powers.

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a geographic area in Southeast Europe with various definitions and meanings, including geopolitical and historical.

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the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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was a series of military engagements fought between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China.

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a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century

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1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

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was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period known to historians as the New Imperialism

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a bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark, used as a tonic and formerly as an antimalarial drug.

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an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

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a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

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the amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.

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the activity or condition of competing.

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one's personal interest or advantage, especially when pursued without regard for others.

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

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a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.

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an early steam engine and was one of the driving forces of the industrial revolution.

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land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. The first factor of production is land, but this includes any natural resource used to produce goods and services.

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a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

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the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

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the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.

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Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany

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a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment

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a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

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the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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a French general and best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance.

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a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815,

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a country that is officially independent, but not in practice.

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a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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a military strategy of burning or destroying crops or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.

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the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

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The overthrow of an existing government by non-democratic means; typically, it is an illegal, unconstitutional seizure of power by a dictator, the military, or a political faction.

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

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set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution

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an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame in which a weighted and angled blade is raised to the top and suspended.

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a dark and violent period of time during the French Revolution. Radicals took control of the revolutionary government.

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The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789

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the legislative body in the Netherlands, consisting of an upper and a lower house and meeting at The Hague.

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an authoritarian or non-democratic leader who exercises his political power for the benefit of the people, rather than exclusively for themselves or for an elite or small portion of the people.

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an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

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The page you requested could not be found. Try refining your search, or use the navigation above to locate the post.

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a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence.

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a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed

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an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.

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a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

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a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

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the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened

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the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

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an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade and a policy that taxes foreign products to encourage or safeguard domestic industry.

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a parliamentary grant to the sovereign for state needs.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.