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Inspiring Breakthroughs Blog Creating breakthrough moments on each student’s unique learning journey — together. Featured Blog Why Teachers Teach A teacher’s job is challenging. From classroom management to individualized instruction, we ask teachers to accomplish much with minimal resources. So, wh…

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Below are the results of a recent nursing quiz about lung auscultation posted on our Twitter page. This revealed a need for clarification of common adventitious lung sounds and the commonly associated clinical conditions.
Answer: B. Crackles are heard when collapsed or stiff alveoli snap open, as in pulmonary fibrosis. Wheezes are commonly associated with asthma and diminished breath sounds with neuromuscular disease. Breath sounds will be decreased or absent over the area of a pneumothorax.

First, let's review the most common adventitious lung sounds.
A is high-pitched continuous musical sound, which may occur during inspiration and/or expiration, due to an obstructive process. The classic wheeze may be referred to as "sibilant wheeze." This refers to the high-pitched whistle-like sound heard during expiration, typically in the setting of asthma, as air moves through a narrow or obstructed airway.

Alternately, what we often refer to as is the "sonorous wheeze," which refers to a deep, low-pitched rumbling or coarse sound as air moves through tracheal-bronchial passages in the presence of mucous or respiratory secretions.

In you'll hear high-pitched, monophonic inspiratory wheezing. It's typically loudest over the anterior neck, as air moves turbulently over a partially-obstructed upper airway.

Crackles, or rales, are short, high pitched, discontinuous, intermittent, popping sounds created by air being forced through an airway or alveoli narrowed by fluid, pus, or mucous. These sounds may also be heard when there is delayed opening of collapsed alveoli.

Crackles are typically heard during inspiration and can be further defined as coarse or fine. Coarse crackles are heard during early inspiration and sound harsh or moist. They are caused by mucous in larger bronchioles, as heard in COPD. Fine crackles are heard during late inspiration and may sound like hair rubbing together. These sounds originate in the small airways/alveoli and may be heard in interstitial pneumonia or pulmonary fibrosis.

Now, let's think about test-taking strategies. In this instance, it would be helpful to go through each clinical condition separately and predict what you may hear on auscultation.

The first choice was asthma. Asthma is a condition mediated by inflammation. The resulting physiologic response in the airways is bronchoconstriction and airway edema. This response is triggered by an irritant, allergen, or infection. As air moves through these narrowed airways, the primary lung sound is high-pitched wheeze. Initially the wheezes are expiratory but depending on confounding factors or worsening clinical symptoms, there may be inspiratory wheezes, rhonchi or crackles. For testing purposes, however, expiratory wheezes are associated with asthma.

The second choice was pulmonary fibrosis. This is a form of interstitial lung disease in which scarring (or fibrosis) is the hallmark clinical feature. This scarring leads to thickness and stiffness in the lungs. The most common adventitious sound associated with pulmonary fibrosis is fine bibasilar crackles. This may be hard to distinguish from congestive heart failure. The crackles are the result of the snapping open of collapsed, stiff alveoli.

Neuromuscular disease was the third choice. Neuromuscular disorders can cause respiratory problems through several pathways as the muscles responsible for breathing are affected. Diaphragmatic weakness can lead to hypoventilation; chest wall muscle weakness can lead to ineffective cough; and upper airway muscle weakness can lead to difficult swallowing and ineffective clearing of upper airway secretions. In general, there are not specific adventitious sounds associated with neuromuscular disorders.

Lastly, a pneumothorax is a collapsed lung. There would be loss of breath sounds over the area of a pneumothorax as there is no air movement in the area of auscultation.

So, this leads us to the correct answer. During lung auscultation, crackles are heard in pulmonary fibrosis, which is choice B.

Reviewing what you know and thinking about each response choice can help you focus in on the correct answer. Do you have an easy acronym or pearl for remembering breath sounds, or some test-taking strategies to share?

Reference:
Hinkle, J. & Cheever, K. (2013).Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Below are the results of a recent nursing quiz about lung auscultation posted on our Twitter page. This revealed a need for clarification of common adventitious lung sounds and the commonly associated clinical conditions. Answer: B. Crackles are heard when collapsed or stiff alveoli snap open, as in pulmonary fibrosis.

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Lessons, Drills, Quizzes
Ready to sharpen your clinical skills? Take on our ECG interpretation, blood pressure and auscultation lessons, drills and quizzes. Most of the content is free. Registration is optional.

ECG rhythms classes:
Authors, Reviewers and Developers
Thomas O'Brien.
ECG monitor simulation: Steve Collmann
12 Lead Lecture: Dr. Michael Mazzini, MD, Cardiologist.
Spanish ECG: Breena R. Taira, MD, MPH
Auscultation: Diane Wrigley, PA
Respiratory: William French
Special thanks for the medical mentorship of Dr. Raymond Murphy.
Cardiology: Dr. Jonathan Keroes, MD, Cardiologist,
Auscultation review: Dr. Barbara Erickson, PhD, RN, CCRN
Electrophysiology review: Dr. Pedro Azevedo, MD, Cardiology
Last Update: 11/10/2022

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Practical Clinical Skills | ECG | Heart Sounds, Murmurs, Lung Sounds

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Learn ECG, blood pressure measurement, lung sounds, and heart sounds. Our mostly free training includes drills, quizzes and reference guides. For all medical professionals.

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https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-to-create-a-professional-resume-2063237

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You've found the perfect job opportunity. You send your CV and you breathlessly wait for the call-back... but it never happens. Sound familiar? Yeah, it does for most of us. But how's that possible?

Your CV has never been read. It wasn't good enough.

Take heart, this nightmare scenario isn't unfolding ever again. You're about to learn how to write a CV no one will be able to resist reading.
In this guide:

A CV example better than 9 out of 10 other CVs.

How to write a CV even if you have no experience.

Tips on how to make a CV that highlights your qualifications.

Good CV tips and how to write a CV that gets the job you want.

Want to save time and have your CV ready in 5 minutes? Try our CV builder. It's fast and easy to use. Plus, you'll get ready-made content to add with one click. See 20+ CV templates and create your CV here.

Sample CV made with our builder-See more CV samples here.

One of our users, Nikos, had this to say:

[I used] a nice template I found on Zety. My CV is now one page long, not three. With the same stuff.

Here's how to write a CV:

1. Pick the right CV format

2. Add your name contact information

3. Start with a personal profile and your title

4. List your relevant work experience & key achievements

5. Build your academic and education section

6. Put relevant skills that fit the job opening

7. Include pertinent information in additional sections

8. Organize this all on a professional CV template

9. Complement your CV with a cover letter

This is the most effective way to make a CV: the top of the document should contain important contact information, the summary is a great way to introduce yourself, and show your experience and achievements, while the rest of the curriculum vitae is there to provide as many relevant details as necessary to convince the reader that you're the perfect fit for the position.

Have a job title or position in sight already? Here are CV examples for specific situations: 100+ CV Examples for All Careers.

We'll explain how to successfuly go through each of the above mentioned steps of the CV writing process in the following chapters of our guide.

1

CV, Curriculum Vitae and Resume... What are the differences?

What is a CV?

A CV, short for Curriculum Vitae, is a thorough document that presents your education, professional experiences, abilities, achievements, and other applicable qualifications.

In the US, Canada, and Australia, a CV is a document you use for academic purposes. The US academic CV outlines every detail of your scholarly career. In other countries, CV is an equivalent of an American resume and is used to apply for a job.

A CV is therefore a curriculum vitae, and other than its length and purpose in a few English-speaking countries, a CV is a synonym for a resume. Confused? Read our full guide on what a CV is.

What are the differences between a CV and a resume?

Let's get this straight, once and for all:

In the hiring industry, nowadays there's almost no formal difference between a CV and a resume. It's the same thing that Brits call a CV and Americans-a resume.

Just like they do with chips and french fries, football and soccer, or Queen Elizabeth and Queen Bey.

So, if you're applying to a European company, you should create a CV. But if you're applying to a US-based employer, you need a resume. If you're making a CV for academic purposes in the US, Canada or Australia, read our guide on the differences between a CV and a resume.

And no, a CV is not a cover letter. A curriculum vitae contains your work history, education and skills, while a cover letter is a full-blown marketing campaign. These documents are completely different, and you can learn more about those differences in this guide on Curriculum Vitae VS Cover Letter.

If you're confident now that you need to make a CV, let's get this writing guide started.

Here's a disturbing thought: Every time you're looking for a job, you compete against 250 other candidates on average.

Yes, you read that right.

Imagine you are the recruiter and you have to review 250 job applications. Do you thoroughly read all of them? Nah, of course you don't.

Recruiters spend only 6 seconds scanning each CV. So the very first impression is key. If you submit a neat, properly organised document, you'll convince the recruiters to spend more time on your CV. A poorly formatted CV, on the other hand, will get you discarded in the first-round review.

Here's how to make a CV format the right way.

Start with creating a CV outline divided into the following sections:

CV: Proper Order of Sections

Pro Tip: If you're fresh out of uni and need to write a CV with no experience, or if you've graduated from a very prestigious institution within the last 5 years, put your education section above your work experience.

When filling in the sections, always keep in mind the gold CV formatting rules:

Go for one of the standard CV typefaces: Arial, Tahoma, or Helvetica if you prefer sans-serif fonts, and Times New Roman or Bookman Old Style if serif fonts are your usual pick.

Use 11 to 12 pt font size and single spacing. For your name and section titles, pick 14 to 16 pt font size.

Set one-inch margins for all four sides.

Make sure your CV headings are uniform-make them larger and in bold but go easy on italics and underlining.

Stick to a single dates format on your CV: for example 11-2017, or November 2017.

Less is more.

White space is your friend-recruiters need some breathing room!

Plus, most of the time, after you send out your CV, it's going to be printed in black ink on white paper. Too many graphics might make it illegible.

Unless you're explicitly asked to include your photograph in the job ad.

If so-make sure to use a professional looking picture, but not as stiff as an ID photo.

Don't be one of those candidates stuck in the nineties who think they have to include every single detail about their lives on their CVs.

Hiring, nowadays, is one hell of a hectic business. Nobody's got the time to care for what high school you've attended or to read 10+ bullet point descriptions of past jobs. We'll get to that later on.

Pro Tip: Once you've finished writing, save your CV in PDF to make sure your CV layout stays intact. But pay close attention to the job description. Some employers won't accept a PDF CV. If such is the case, send your CV in Word.

Learn more about CV formatting from this quick dedicated guide I've written recently: CV Formatting-The Ideal Structure for a CV

Alright, so you've got the best CV template ready for ya and you know the basic CV writing rules. Time to dive in!

You want the recruiters to get back to you, so you need to let them know how they can reach you. That's why you want to make a CV header that includes the essential contact details.
In the contact information section, enter your:
The contact information section seems fairly straightforward, but here's the one reason it might be tricky:

Recruiters will use it to research you online. If your social media profiles are unprofessional, or if your LinkedIn profile information doesn't match that on your CV, you're immediately out of the race.

After listing their contact information on a CV, most candidates jump right into their work experience or education.

But you'll do better than that. You will actually get remembered by the employer.

So, how to make a CV pop?

All it takes is a CV personal profile statement-a short, snappy paragraph of 100 words tops that tells the recruiters why you are just the candidate they've been looking for. Your personal profile will either be a CV objective or a CV summary.

What's the difference?

A CV objective shows what skills you've mastered and how you'd fit in. It's a good choice if you've got little work experience relevant to the job you're trying to land, for example, if you're writing a CV for a student.

A CV summary, in turn, highlights your career progress and achievements. Use it if you're a seasoned professional and have a lot of experience in your field.

Now, have a look at some examples. Let's say there's a posting for a nursing job. Here are sample nursing CV objectives and summaries.

How to Write a CV Objective: Example

Not awful, right? The problem is, in this CV objective, the bottom line is basically "I want a job because I learnt for the job."

Have a look at another CV objective sample.

How to Make a CV Objective-Example

See the difference? The latter candidate focused solely on what she can offer her future employer. She also mentioned the name of the specific hospital to which she's applying.

And yes, name-dropping is something you, too, should definitely do in your CV objective.

True, it means you won't be able to spam your CV out to every company that's currently hiring but, then again, when was the last time you replied to a "Dear User" email?

As we said before, if you've got some relevant job experience under your belt, begin your CV with a CV summary instead of an objective.

Check out these sample CV summaries.

How to Make a CV Summary (Sample)

The General Hospital Director just picked up the phone to call this candidate.

What's so great about this CV summary?

Above all, it's super-specific. It gives a complete outline of the candidate's background and shows how her experience will help her tackle particular problems the hospital is facing.

Here's another example of a CV summary.

How to Write a CV: Example of a CV Summary

This one, on the other hand, says little more than "I am a nurse." It presents nothing but generic responsibilities all nurses have.

When writing a CV summary, don't ever go for meaningless buzzwords.

When making a CV in our builder, drag & drop bullet points, skills, and auto-fill the boring stuff. Spell check? Check. Start building a professional CV template here for free.

When you're done, our professional CV maker will score your CV and our will tell you exactly how to make it better.

Writing a CV objective or a summary is tricky and we know it. That's why we've put together a dedicated guide to crafting this section: 20+ CV Personal Statement/Personal Profile Examples (Writing Guide)

For more detailed examples of summaries or objectives, check out: How To Write A CV Summary: 21 Best Examples You Will See and 20+ CV Objective Examples-Use Them On Your CV (Tips)

5

List Your Relevant Work Experience & Key Achievements

More often than not, your work experience section is the most important part of your whole CV-the one that gets the most eyetime.

If you're thinking "Easy, I just need to list my previous positions, the dates worked, and my responsibilities," think again. All of the above are must-haves in a basic CV. But "basic" won't get you that dream job.

The thing is: recruiters know what you did. They want to know how well you did it and what you can offer your prospective employer.
Here's how to make a CV work experience section illustrate that:

1. Focus on your measurable, relevant achievements, not just your duties.

2. Use action verbs: "created," "analysed," "implemented," not "responsible for creating, analysis and implementation."

3. Tailor your CV to the job posting-read the job description carefully and check what tasks will be expected of you. If you've done them before-put them on your CV, even if those weren't your primary responsibilities.

Let's see a real-life CV example.
Here's a sample job description for a position of a junior product marketing specialist.
Filling product placement requests from the media

Now, have a look at this example of a CV work experience entry.

How to Write a CV: Work Experience Section Example
Product Marketer
Nike, 10-2015-present

London

Key achievement: Lead a project team ⁽⁵⁾ in designing and implementing a comprehensive social media relations strategy for a new line of lifestyle products, grew Facebook fan base from 0 to 12,000 in 4 months [LINK to the Facebook fanpage], gained 35,000 Instagram followers [LINK to the Instagram account] in 3 months.

"Wow, we need this one to work with us!"

This entry is sure to bring that sort of response from the hiring manager.

What makes it so great?

First, it's perfectly tailored to the job ad (have another look at the numbered phrases in bold). The candidate showed she'll be able to manage her most important future tasks because she's done them before.

Secondly, it's action-verbs-packed. "Created and maintained" instead of "responsible for creating and maintaining," "produced product pitches," not "product pitches production."

Last but not least, its central focus is the candidate's achievements. Like the candidate above, if you want your CV to impress, add a "key achievement" sub-section. Then, include hard numbers. Don't say you "significantly increased sales." Say how much exactly. Numbers pop!

To make sure your achievements on a CV shine as they're supposed to, follow the PAR (Problem Action Result) formula to describe them.

Like in the CV example discussed:

Key achievement: Lead a project team in designing and implementing a comprehensive social media relations strategy for a new line of lifestyle products, grew Facebook fanbase from 0 to 12,000 in 4 months, gained 35,000 Instagram followers in 3 months.

Problem: Lack of sufficient social media promotion for a new line of lifestyle products

Action: New social media strategy

Result: 12,000 Facebook fans in 4 months, and 35,000 Instagram followers in 3 months.

Good news is, creating a CV education section is usually simple.

If you've got any post-secondary education, include only that on your CV. Don't mention your high school, unless it's your highest degree of education. List:

Pro Tip: Including your honours is optional. If you don't want them to do you more harm than good, add them only if they're 2:1 or higher for the undergrad degrees, and "merit" or "distinction" for postgrads.

Like this:

How to Write a CV: Example of an Education Section

2014 B.A. in French

University of Southampton

2:1

But what if you're writing a CV with little or no work experience? What if you've just graduated and are looking for your first full-blown job?

If such is the case, you should do two things:

First of all, place your education section above your work experience.

Secondly, elaborate a bit more on your academic experience. Include, for instance:

Now, for your skills. You've probably got plenty of these. But would a list of a dozen and a half skills look good on a CV?

Anything but.

When it comes to skills for a CV, one issue is more important than any other: relevance. The skills you decide to include on your CV have to be relevant to the job you're trying to land.

Remember when I mentioned writing a CV that's tailored to the job description? Here it comes again.

How to do it?

Start with a spreadsheet. In it, list all your professional skills (that's right, it means "eyebrow dancing" doesn't count). Then check the job description for the skills desired by your prospective employer.

Do they match some of the skills from your spreadsheet? Presto! These are the ones to put in your CV skills section. Include an appropriate mix of hard skills, soft skills, and anything in between.

Pro Tip: When you list your skills, add a short description of each to indicate your level of proficiency. For example "Excellent," "Advanced," or "Basic."

Let us all confess to something: We constantly lie about ourselves. We just can't help it-those little white lies that help put us in a slightly better light.

Care to venture a guess what group of people excels in lying? Job seekers. They all lie on their CVs in frail hopes that recruiters won't be bothered to verify, say, "full bilingual proficiency in French."

Here's the thing: recruiters are trained to spot liars, so don't even entertain the thought of embellishing your past achievements or skills.

But what if you could help the recruiters avoid interviewing CV fabulists altogether? There's a surefire way to do it:

On your CV, include an additional section in which you show off your unquestionable triumphs: things that prove your value as a candidate.

Such as the following:

Sample CV Additional Sections

Industry awards

Professional certifications

Publications

Professional affiliations

Conferences attended

Additional training

Don't worry if you're still studying and can yet showcase none of the above.

A good student CV will still benefit from an additional section. Here are some ideas:

Sample Student CV Additional Sections

For more, see: What to Include in a Curriculum Vitae Section by Section

Right, if you apply all the strategies we discussed, you'll make a perfect CV. But hey-

Want to do it the easy way?

Let's face it-

No one likes to mess around with formatting a CV in MS Word.

Luckily, there are hundreds of ready, fill-in-the-blanks CV templates available online. And we happen to offer some truly cracking ones.

Check out some of the CV templates available in our CV maker:

See all 18 CV templates and create your CV here

And for the final word, here's what every job seeker ought to know:

10

Complement Your CV with a Cover Letter

"Stalk your prospective boss to show commitment."

Sound like the worst career advice one can get? Well... And probably is so. But guess what-

" You don't need to write a cover letter " comes in a close second.

Why?

Because as many as 45 out of 100 recruiters won't even get around to reviewing your CV if there's no cover letter attached, according to our HR statistics report. True, the other 55 might think a cover letter for a CV is redundant. But here's who does read cover letters: Hiring managers. And, at the end of the day, it's their decision whether or not you're getting the job.

Most people hate writing cover letters for CVs because they are clueless about how to write them properly. And writing great cover letters is much easier than it seems.

Plus, a great cover letter that matches your CV will give you an advantage over other candidates. You can write it in our cover letter builder here. Here's what it may look like:

See more cover letter templates and start writing.

Hiring has changed drastically. It's fast and furious. To get your foot in the door, you'll need to go an extra mile with your CV.
Here's how to write a CV:

Begin your CV with a personal profile-either a summary or a CV objective.

Describe your work experience, focusing on your achievements and accomplishments.

Validate your worth as a candidate by adding a section with your top wins: certifications, awards, publications, or even extracurricular training or attended conferences.

Attach a cover letter to your job application and double your chances of getting hired.

Do you have any more questions on how to write a job-winning CV? Give us a shout in the comments and we'll answer your queries!
About Zety's Editorial Process

This article has been reviewed by our editorial team to make sure it follows Zety's editorial guidelines. We're committed to sharing our expertise and giving you trustworthy career advice tailored to your needs. High-quality content is what brings over 40 million readers to our site every year. But we don't stop there. Our team conducts original research to understand the job market better, and we pride ourselves on being quoted by top universities and prime media outlets from around the world.

Frequently Asked Questions about How to Write a CV

What is a CV?

A Curriculum Vitae (CV) is a job application document that summarizes your professional experience, skillset, and qualifications. In some circumstances, such as when applying for research placements, graduate school, or academia in general, a CV is a comprehensive description of both your professional and academic career.

The terms resume and CV are used interchangeably in Canada and Australia. So, a resume and CV are standard documents you apply for jobs with. However, in Europe and New Zealand, the term resume does not exist. To be considered for a position, you have to send through a Curriculum Vitae.

Hope you'll never have any more doubts about what a CV is.

How to write a good CV for a job step by step?

1. Create a stand-out CV design. After all, you have to stand out from hundreds of applications.

2. Choose one from the three CV formats: reverse-chronological, skills-based, or combination.

3. Divide your CV and organize the sections.

4. Design a header with your personal information.

5. Start with a career summary or objective statement, depending on where you're with your career.

6. Write an experience section using bullet points with power words and achievements.

7. Indicate your highest degree (together with academic accomplishments if you don't have much relevant experience).

8. List key skills that correspond to the selection criteria from the job description to match the keywords.

9. Consider additional sections, such as certificates, hobbies and interests, or volunteering and internships.

10. Attach a cover letter to your application, and you're all set.

With Zety CV builder, you won't have to remember all those points. It'll remember it for you. Just pick a CV template you like the most from over 20+ designs, and let's get you a job.

How should a perfect CV look in 2023?

A perfect CV draws attention with a modern template design and clear sections allowing for enough whitespace. An eye-catching CV design combined with highly tailored content will create an invincible duo in 2023. You'll need to strike a balance between breaking the design standards and building your CV with the Applicant Tracking Software in mind if you hope to impress your recruiters.

See the CV templates Zety's hiring pros have designed for you to get a head start. Pick one and go to the CV maker to complete it within minutes. Or, create a perfect CV all by yourself but with the help of one of our CV examples.

How to start writing a simple Curriculum Vitae?

1. Give yourself some time to get your head around writing a CV. You may read and learn about things you never heard about before, which are crucial in making a job-worthy application.

2. Design an eye-catching CV template with proper formatting: 1-inch margins, 1-1.15 line spacing, and a sans-serif font, such as Verdana or Arial.

3. Decide on the CV format that you'll follow. Choose from the following three options: reverse-chronological (chronological), functional (skills-based), or combination (hybrid).

4. Have a job posting right there open forever when you're working on your CV. You'll need it to make sure you covered all the correct CV keywords and responded to the needs of your potential employer.

5. Make a list of your relevant experience and skills. Things you did and learned in the past but aren't in line with the job profile should never make it on the list. And-

6. Match them with the qualities and qualifications you found in the job ad.

Et voilà!

How to write a CV for my first job if I have no experience?

Whether you're writing a graduate CV or executive resume, there are universal rules to follow. So, don't worry about having little or no experience. There's a smart way to get you a job.

Mark resume keywords in the job description. The keywords are words and phrases that repeat and describe a particular quality or qualification.

Find such a quality or qualification in your arsenal. That can be anything from taking part-time jobs to doing an internship or taking up volunteer work. Or even from your academic years, such as running a student's club, tutoring, or relevant hobbies and interests you picked up.

List soft and hard skills that speak to your employability. In other words, think of any transferable skill you've gained throughout various stages of your life.

Add additional sections that'll give you the chance to score bonus points for engagement, curiosity, and communication.

Write an objective statement to give your employer a sense of dedication and show your thought over the application.

What is the best CV format?

The reverse-chronological format is the best out of the three CV format musketeers. It's simple to read by the Applicant Tracking Software, which makes it highly unlikely for your CV not to reach the recruiter. Ultimately, recruiters can make informed decisions about hiring in seconds by only skimming such a CV. What's not to love?

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How to Write a CV in 2023: Examples, Tips, and Templates

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How to write a CV? Learn from the best CV examples out there and use our tips that make CV writing easy. Read more and learn how to make a great CV.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Font

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.

While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.

Title Page

Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author note. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.

A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author's name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.

A student paper should not include an author note.

Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page

Professional paper APA title page

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word "Abstract" (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250 words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for further guidance.

APA Abstract Page

Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this information.

In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web address for OWL resource

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html

The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:

Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name. http://Web address for OWL resource

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel . General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page.

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ECC Regional Conferences

Learn more about our upcoming conferences, where leading resuscitation experts share the latest in CPR and ECC science, education, and training. Visit our Conferences page to register for an event coming soon to an area near you.

VISIT THE ECC REGIONAL CONFERENCE PAGE

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Learn more about our upcoming conferences, where leading resuscitation experts share the latest in CPR and ECC science, education, and training. Visit our Conferences page to register for an event coming soon to an area near you. VISIT THE ECC REGIONAL CONFERENCE PAGE

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Parsh, Bridget RN, CNS, MSN; Gee, Kasie RN, MPH

doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000352343.05890.74

Department: HOSPITAL nursing

At some point in your nursing career, you'll find yourself working alongside nursing students. Are you ready? At first, working with a student might feel a little overwhelming, time consuming, and maybe even intimidating. But if you follow these 10 tips, the process can be a positive learning experience for both of you.

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10 tips for working with nursing students : Nursing2019

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Parsh, Bridget RN, CNS, MSN; Gee, Kasie RN, MPH doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000352343.05890.74 Department: HOSPITAL nursing At some point in your nursing career, you'll find yourself working alongside nursing students. Are you ready? At first, working with a student might feel a little overwhelming, time consuming, and maybe even intimidating.

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Tips for Writing a Strong Rubric - Rubric Examples Included!

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Our Tips for Writing a Strong Rubric include ideas for creating both Holistic and Analytical Rubrics. This guide provides examples of rubrics and specific action items!

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Always need an APA reminder

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Unique DB alternative

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ACE.C (Advancing Care Excellence for Caregivers)

ACE.D (Advancing Care Excellence for Persons with Disabilities)

ACE.P (Advancing Care Excellence for Pediatrics)

ACE.S (Advancing Care Excellence for Seniors)

ACE.V (Advancing Care Excellence for Veterans)

ACE.Z (Advancing Care Excellence for Alzheimer's Patients and Caregivers)

Coaching for Excellence in Nursing

​ Fair Testing Guidelines (PDF)

Hallmarks of Excellence

Interprofessional Education (IPE)

NLN Reflections & Dialogue

NLN Vision Series (formerly Position Statements)

Practical Nursing Curriculum Resources

Simulation Innovation Resource Center (SIRC)

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ACE.C (Advancing Care Excellence for Caregivers) ACE.D (Advancing Care Excellence for Persons with Disabilities) ACE.P (Advancing Care Excellence for Pediatrics) ACE.S (Advancing Care Excellence for Seniors) ACE.V (Advancing Care Excellence for Veterans) ACE.Z (Advancing Care Excellence for Alzheimer's Patients and Caregivers) Coaching for Excellence in Nursing ​ Fair Testing Guidelines (PDF) Hallmarks of Excellence Interprofessional Education (IPE) NLN Reflections & Dialogue NLN Vision Series (formerly Position Statements) Practical Nursing Curriculum Resources Simulation Innovation Resource Center (SIRC)

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With the patient care and hospital industries evolving so quickly, the way we approach nursing education and classroom learning styles should adapt and grow, too - right? A singular approach of teaching concepts and theories, or the "old school" way, still has its place, but the benefits of implementing active learning strategies in nursing education are impossible to ignore.

The benefits of using active learning strategies in nursing education

Simply presenting course material may provide short-term value, but physical practicing, experiencing, and learning through active engagement helps the roots of that material grab hold. Today's nurses are tasked with effectively communicating with multiple departments through different technology platforms while making critical decisions across a spectrum of patient scenarios. It's not an easy job!

Educators who use active learning strategies in their nursing programs are able to teach to a variety of learners: visual learners, auditory learners, tactile learners, and yes, even those learners who have difficulty remaining seated. But what's more, students are able to learn in a way that most closely simulates real, on-the-job nursing situations, making for a more seamless transition into the workforce.

Try these active learning strategies in your nursing classroom

Okay - so now that you understand the benefits of using active learning strategies in nursing education, try implementing some of the following activities to encourage active learning among your students:

1. Pre-class assignments

Prior to teaching a concept in class, ask your students to research key terms, review patient assessments, required medications or drug classes, and exemplars related to the concept. This will not only help students feel more prepared during class, but it typically leads to a more involved and engaging class discussion.

2. Unfolding case studies

Repetitive Powerpoint presentations can be dry. Try incorporating case studies that include visual cues, lab tables, and patient quotes to encourage discussion among students. This keeps those "necessary evil" slideshows engaging and forces students to apply "book knowledge" and think critically about real-life examples.

3. NCLEX practice questions

Working NCLEX practice questions throughout your curriculum will have amazing long-term benefits on your nursing students when it comes time to buckle down and study leading up to the big exam. Have students answer example NCLEX questions individually and then guide and encourage a larger class debate on correct and incorrect answers. Adaptive learning systems like Lippincott's adaptive learning system, PrepU, is jam-packed with NCLEX practice questions and gives students a unique learning experience based on their level on knowledge. It also gives teachers the ability to see exactly where each student in the class is at in the course.

4. Role play

This is a fun one that gets students up and moving around! Have your nursing students act as patients, nurses, family members, and technicians in a skit presentation that reveals a deeper learning point for the rest of the class. For example, the skit could reveal the importance of good and poor therapeutic communication.

5. Concept maps

Use concept maps to cover content acquisition, student assessment, or knowledge applications and then encourage them to take pictures of them on their phones to use as study tools. This style of active learning strategy is great for visual learners. Sometimes seeing a concept laid out and then being able to refer to it again later can make all the difference.

6. Simulation activities

Here's where things can get interesting. Break students into groups and allow them to practice more hands-on interventions and procedures, like a code blue scenario, and use their critical thinking skills to react quickly and efficiently. You, as the educator, can participate and guide as necessary, but take a smaller role and encourage students to do the heavy lifting.

7. Brain drain

This is a rapid-fire exercise where students shout out 5-10 concept-related terms that the instructor lists on a whiteboard. Then, as you work through and discuss each term, the instructor erases them one by one, enhancing students" recall capabilities.

8. Mystery/patient/drug in a box

Here's an effective way to implement a hands-on active learning strategy for your nursing students. Place a number of boxes around the classroom with items and pictures related to that day's concept. Students will then use that to build a patient story and present it to the class. The class then brainstorms how a nurse might treat the hypothetical patient. Students will appreciate being able to associate experiences and stories with concepts.

9. Gallery walk

For a gallery walk, scatter pictures and artifacts related to the day's concept around the classroom. Break students into small groups and have them wander throughout the room identifying each item and its relevance to the concept in terms of interventions, patients, and procedures. Use this style of activity to get the blood flowing again after a PowerPoint or to break up a long class - the student who can"t stay seated will appreciate it!

10. Compare & contrast

Compare and contrast scenarios really fuel class discussion. As an example, faculty could create two (or more) scenarios of patients with the same symptoms and conditions, and students must discuss how they would treat the patients differently or similarly. This includes medication interventions, recommendations, diagnosis, etc.

11. What if?

Use 'what if" scenarios to transition between concepts or to review theories at the end of a class. Pose various 'what if?" questions to individuals or small groups on a clinical situation to force their critical thinking skills. For example, in a discussion of the concept of Perfusion, you could ask questions like: what if a patient is cold and blue? Complains of dizziness? Develops crackles in the lungs?

Moving forward

Active learning strategies in nursing education is all about empowering students to actually remember the large amount of information they face throughout nursing school. Many nursing students achieve success in their program by memorizing terms and concepts long enough to spit them back up on a test. Don"t let those be your students! Help them retain knowledge and graduate with the skills required to be an effective nurse in today's high-intensity, patient care settings through engaging, active learning strategies.

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11 Active Learning Strategies to Engage Active Learning

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With the patient care and hospital industries evolving so quickly, the way we approach nursing education and classroom learning styles should adapt and grow, too - right? A singular approach of teaching concepts and theories, or the "old school" way, still has its place, but the benefits of implementing active learning strategies in nursing education are impossible to ignore.

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Many people recognize that each person prefers different learning styles and techniques. Learning styles group common ways that people learn. Everyone has a mix of learning styles. Some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of the other styles. Others may find that they use different styles in different circumstances. There is no right mix. Nor are your styles fixed. You can develop ability in less dominant styles, as well as further develop styles that you already use well.

Many people recognize that each person prefers different learning styles and techniques. Learning styles group common ways that people learn. Everyone has a mix of learning styles. Some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of the other styles. Others may find that they use different styles in different circumstances. There is no right mix. Nor are your styles fixed. You can develop ability in less dominant styles, as well as further develop styles that you already use well.

Using multiple learning styles and ï¿½multiple intelligencesï¿½ for learning is a relatively new approach. This approach is one that educators have only recently started to recognize. Traditional schooling used (and continues to use) mainly linguistic and logical teaching methods. It also uses a limited range of learning and teaching techniques. Many schools still rely on classroom and book-based teaching, much repetition, and pressured exams for reinforcement and review. A result is that we often label those who use these learning styles and techniques as ï¿½bright.ï¿½ Those who use less favored learning styles often find themselves in lower classes, with various not-so-complimentary labels and sometimes lower quality teaching. This can create positive and negative spirals that reinforce the belief that one is "smart" or "dumb".

By recognizing and understanding your own learning styles, you can use techniques better suited to you. This improves the speed and quality of your learning.

The Seven Learning Styles

Visual (spatial):You prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding.

Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer using sound and music.

Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using words, both in speech and writing.

Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch.

Logical (mathematical): You prefer using logic, reasoning and systems.

Social (interpersonal): You prefer to learn in groups or with other people.

Solitary (intrapersonal): You prefer to work alone and use self-study.

Why Learning Styles? Understand the basis of learning styles

Your learning styles have more influence than you may realize. Your preferred styles guide the way you learn. They also change the way you internally represent experiences, the way you recall information, and even the words you choose. We explore more of these features in this chapter.

Research shows us that each learning style uses different parts of the brain. By involving more of the brain during learning, we remember more of what we learn. Researchers using brain-imaging technologies have been able to find out the key areas of the brain responsible for each learning style.

For example:

Visual: The occipital lobes at the back of the brain manage the visual sense. Both the occipital and parietal lobes manage spatial orientation.

Aural: The temporal lobes handle aural content. The right temporal lobe is especially important for music.

Verbal: The temporal and frontal lobes, especially two specialized areas called Brocaï¿½s and Wernickeï¿½s areas (in the left hemisphere of these two lobes).

Physical: The cerebellum and the motor cortex (at the back of the frontal lobe) handle much of our physical movement.

Logical: The parietal lobes, especially the left side, drive our logical thinking.

Social: The frontal and temporal lobes handle much of our social activities. The limbic system (not shown apart from the hippocampus) also influences both the social and solitary styles. The limbic system has a lot to do with emotions, moods and aggression.

Solitary: The frontal and parietal lobes, and the limbic system, are also active with this style.

Where to next?

Click the links in the navigation menu on the left (or above) to learn more about the individual learning styles, or go to the learning styles inventory page to try a test to discover your own learning styles.

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Vocaroo

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Create your own jeopardy template online, without PowerPoint. Or browse the pre-made templates created by other people!

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How Presentation Zen Fixed My Bad PowerPoints

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https://ebn.bmj.com/

https://www.nejm.org/

https://www.healio.com/nursing/journals/jne