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“From a gendered point of view, feminist methodology of rhetorical history does not refer to an innocent research activity for research’s sake, but rather an intentionally radical effort to exert transformative power over research methods (Bizzell, Harding, Scott). The purpose of feminist history writing is ‘to restore women to history and to restore history to women,’ as Joan Kelly-Gadol articulates (15). To this end, feminist inquiry is linked avowedly to a political concern, that is, ‘to denounce sexism and discrimination against women, to expose the origins, foundation, and workings of patriarchy, and subsequently to formulate and implement strategies for its eventual demolition’” (Wu 85).

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“In light of ethics and political benefits to women (especially women of marginal status), which have accrued from producing a more accurate, less biased history, historians of rhetorical women may thank postmodernism for its alternative perspectives that enable them to question the traditional historical content” (Wu 90).

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“Third world feminists and Afrafeminists remind researchers that historical research on rhetorical women requires substantial sensitivity to the particular sociopolitical conditions that have affected the subject’s rhetorical performance” (Wu 93).

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“If progressive scholars can carefully acknowledge and come to understand the purposes and meanings of feminist methodology necessitated by the complexities of women’s rhetorics and histories, then a fair and accurate assessment of historical studies of rhetorical women can be made” (Wu 94).

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Hidden figures bathroom speech and sign removal

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Questions raised by the term "Women's History":

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Questions raised by the term "Women's History":

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-Who owns history? (Wu 85).
-What counts as "real" history? (Wu 85).
-Who has produced history? (Wu 85).
-Who can produce history? (Wu 85).

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1. What is behind the skepticism toward women's historical presence in rhetoric?
2. If we agree that women do have a rhetorical history of their own, what materials do we document and analyze?
3. What are the key concerns in documenting primary sources and gathering evidence?
Is the historical study of rhetorical women similar to postmodernism as both supposedly deal with discourse and knowledge construction?

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"If I am supposed only to speak for post-Mao Chinese women whose identity and history I share, then my points and theories would be safely and naturally ignored by everyone else"(Wu 83)

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"If those who are said to represent mainstream Euro-American culture only spoke for their own people, they would be considered observers who look at the challenges that minority poses to mainstream theories with indifference"(Wu 83)

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"Traditional methodology seems 'neutral' and objective, but has 'erased women's historical experiences and researchers' standpoints in the research process'"(Wu 84)

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1. Restore women to history
2. Restore history to women
3. Creating a more complete  understanding of history/challenging the partial story
4. Returning Human Rights to Women
5. Linked to Politics: exposing the Patriarchy

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"The abandonment of objectivity and reality is what makes 'Postmodernism' incompatible with Feminist historical knowledge inquiry and construction"(Wu 86)

Postmodernism is centered around the individual's satisfaction with the research itself; this research is not responsible for establishing the significance of experiences and stories

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"If we 'acknowledge and come to understand the purposes and meanings of feminist methodology necessitated by the complexities of women's rhetorics and histories, then a fair and accurate assessment of historical studies of rhetorical women can be made'"(Wu 94)

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". . . feminist history writing defines itself as adding what has been left out to present more complete and fair truths of the past than traditional historical

accounts" (Wu 87).

"Historians are not entitled to create history but to reconstruct it from available and affirmable sources" (Wu 86).