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Where: Middle East
Who: Catholic Church vs. Muslims and pagans
Why: Catholics were trying to recover Jerusalem from Muslim power and also tried to prevent the expansion of Islam and paganism.
So what: This 200 year war also changed how some territories looked and who they belonged to as lines had to be determined again after some conquests.
Image: https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/02/15/sunday-review/15CRUSADES/15CRUSADES-facebookJumbo.jpg

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Where: Hungary, Bulgaria (Eastern Europe
Who: Mongol empire
Why: Expanding the empire to control more land and expand people. Possible thirst for power.
So what: Mongols changed Eurasia forever and also wiped off a lot of the population in those areas.
Image: https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/c/c3/New_Mongol_Empire_after_WW2.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20150825001004

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Where: Italy
Who: St. Thomas Aquinas
Why: He believed it was necessary to confront and address various issues within the Catholic Church. This wasn't the only time in which he criticized certain behaviors inside the religion.
So what: This document in particular had a positive impact and sparked some change not only within Catholicism but in the World as well we could argue.
Image: https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/c/c3/New_Mongol_Empire_after_WW2.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20150825001004

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Where: Europe and Asia
Who: Supposedly people who came came in ships from the Black Sea to Italy in ships.
Why: This deadly disease spread too fast and they didn't know how to treat it very well.
So what: 1/3 of Europe's population was wiped off.
Image: https://www.thevintagenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/77-465x640.png

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Where: Europe
Who: Roman Empire started this.
Why: Lords obtained tributes and riches while serfs earned food and protection for their works or duty.
So what: Revolts happened and serfs where eventually freed and other systems started taking place.
Image: https://g4.padlet.pics/wSNyv4sB84JRsIYVV4XgN5bGnx6zsAKVa4dG71pLOBJdDISjCOHXURyOLc4o--3kieWk2sR2PvGv1WHjQmaPw8DVKaolF_5IJ9s=w2880-h1544-nu-rw-e365

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Slavery is Declining/Wars are Happening (1400s)

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Slavery is Declining/Wars are Happening (1400s)

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Where: Europe and Eastern Hemisphere
Who: Slaveowners and upper class of society.
Why: Wars were the main focus and it wasn't very convenient to continue the normal slave-owning life.
So what: Slavery didn't die down completely, it started being a big thing again towards the end of the 1400s.
Image: http://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/779663/Kongo_audience.jpg?1473465830

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Where: Atlantic Sea, northwest of Africa
Who: Jean de Béthencourt
Why: These islands were actually re-explored and this time it was done with intentions of expansion.
So what: This was just one of the first islands or territories explored.
Image: http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2014/05/el-hierro-canary-islands-map-01.jpg.650x0_q85_crop-smart.jpg

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Where: Italy
Who: Pope Urban VI and Church
Why: Probably ambition from each of the popes.
So what: This showed internal competition and division from the Church.
Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Grand_schisme_1378-1417.png

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Where: North coast of Africa
Who: Portugal
Why: Expansion of the Portuguese empire.
So what: This became one of the first colonies in Africa.
Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ceuta_Spain.jpg/1200px-Ceuta_Spain.jpg

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Where: Atlantic Ocean, African islands
Who: Portugal
Why: To gain power by acquiring new lands. To gain new farm lands to help with trade and the economy.
So what: One of the first major Portuguese discoveries that helped encourage other countries to begin exploring.
Image: A map of Madeira
Image from: https://madeirasidecartours.com/

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Where: Atlantic Ocean, European islands
Who: Portugal
Why: To gain power by acquiring new lands. To gain new farm lands to help with trade and the economy.
So what: A major discovery by Portugal and one of the discoveries that helped encourage other countries to begin exploring.
Image: Map of the Azores Islands
Image from: https://www.dolphinandwhaleconnection.com/how-to-get-to-the-azores

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Gutenberg's Invention of the Printing Press (1440) 

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Gutenberg's Invention of the Printing Press (1440) 

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Where: Germany
Who: Johannes Gutenberg
Why: To make communication easier and to reduce print costs for books and other paper documents.
So what: Made communication much easier. Allowed for much more information to be shared faster than ever before.
Image: Sketch of Gutenberg's printing press which gives an idea of how it originally looked.
Image from: Skeen, William. Early Typography. Colombo, Ceylon: W. Skeen, 1872. Print.
Originally found on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Press_skeen_1872_with_description.png

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Fall of Constantinople/Eastern Roman Empire (1453)

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Fall of Constantinople/Eastern Roman Empire (1453)

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Where: Eastern Roman Empire. Europe
Who: Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire
Why: Ottoman Empire wanted to expand into Europe, and after many years of war with the Byzantine Empire, they took Constantinople. This allowed for Islam to spread greatly.
So what: The fall of the Eastern Roman Empire was a major landmark in the spread of Islam, and greatly challenged Christianity's hold in the majority of the Western world. This made European countries and the Pope greatly encourage exploration and conversion, so that Christianity could spread.
Image: "Siege of Constantinople" by Philippe de Mazarolle. Originally from Chronique de Charles VII.
Image From: http://www.burnpit.us/2014/05/siege-constantinople-ends-byzantine-capital-falls-ottoman-turks.

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Where: Portugal/Southern tip of Africa
Who: Portugal/Portugese explorer Bartolomeu Dias
Why: Portugal wanted to find a trade route that would lead them directly to India. Portugal did not want to travel through Muslim countries, so they wanted a direct trade route and Bartolomeu Dias helped discover the southern tip of Africa, which led to the trade route being found later.
So what: Finding the Cape of Good Hope was a huge step in establishing a trade route to India, and was one of Portugal's largest personal exploration achievements at the time.
Image: Statue of Bartolomeu Dias located in London.
Image from: https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/bartolomeu-dias/

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Where: Southern tip of Africa
Who: Bartolomeu Dias/Portugal
Why: Portugal's discovery of this area was a large part of the establishment of a direct trade route between Portugal and India
So what: Helped establish a trade route between Portugal and India.
Image: Aerial view of the Cape of Good Hope.
Image from: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145476/the-cape-of-good-hope

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Where: Ghana
Who: Portugal
Why: Established as a trade base, but eventually became the area with the largest amount of slave exports in the world at the time.
So what: Allowed many slaves to pass through and arrive in other countries. Without this base slavery would not be nearly as large as it became.
Image: The El Mina base, which is where many of the slaves were trafficked through.
Image from: https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/el-mina-sao-jorge-da-mina/

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Where: The city of Grenada
Who: Christians and Muslims
Why: Christians wanted to prove that their religion was the most powerful and the most correct. They wanted the Muslims to convert and also wanted Grenada for themselves.
So what: One of the most important conflicts between religions. Many of the Muslims who wouldn't convert were sold into slavery.
Image: "The surrender of Granada in 1492" by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz.
Image from: https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/15907/lot/58/?category=list

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Where: Modern day Bahamas
Who: Christopher Columbus
Why: Christopher Columbus believed that he could sail to the West to make it to India. He did not realize that India was much further then where he traveled and landed in what is modern day Bahamas.
So what: When Reaching to the Bahamas Columbus was convinced he was in India. What should've been obvious was that the people on this island had a reddish skin tone which was something that the Indians did not, therefore this could not be India. Columbus did not care about anything but the fact that he found land somewhere. He then in fact lied to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella and told them he found gold and other treasures when he did not. This led to them wanting to claim the territory for Spain.
Image: Christopher Columbus arrival in the Bahamas
https://www.historytoday.com/archive/people-who-discovered-christopher-columbus

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Where: Hispaniola ( Modern Day Dominican Republic and Haiti)
Who: Christopher Columbus
Why: Columbus wanted to set up a base in Hispaniola due to it being one of the biggest islands. When getting to Hispaniola Columbus would take slaves with him and anything of value he found with him as well. Besides Columbus taking everything from the island his men would then not only take valuables but would sexually assault the indigenous people known as Taino.
So what: As the Taino people learned what was happening to their own people they began to fight and kill everyone. The Taino were able to trap their enemies by using rocks and building tunnels that would kill them. Each time the Taino won a battle the Spanish would come back to attack with cannons.
Image: A map of Hispaniola
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-island-of-Hispaniola_fig1_43996252

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Where: Spain
Who: The Portuguese and The Spanish
Why:  After Christopher Columbus comes from his trip to "India" King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella are so excited about the new land they offer a bribe to Alexander VI in order to get the territory reserved for Spain. However after hearing this the Portuguese made a bribe as well.
So what: After both Spain and Portugal wanted to make an offer to gain territory. The Treaty of Tordesillas was created. This treaty divided the world in half meaning the eastern part belonged to Portugal and the western part belonged to Spain.
Image: A map of the line that separated the territories that belonged to Spain and Portugal
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/384776361913069594/

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John Cabot/Amerigo Vespucci (1497-1502) 

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John Cabot/Amerigo Vespucci (1497-1502) 

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Where: Spain
Who: Italian Explorers
Why: After the "success" of Columbus Spain wanted to send out more explorers west to see what they might find. This led to John Cabot who would explore what is today Canada and led Amerigo Vespucci to map out the outlines of the Americas.
So what: After sending out John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci Europeans would realize that they never discovered India or Asia. However they did not care because they had still discovered some land.
Image: Map of Explorers around the world
https://earth.google.com/web/@18.48245408,12.18447918,438.30458159a,25175275.42406026d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CjISMBIgM2VlNGIxYjAyZjZjMTFlN2JiN2U5ZjRiODliYmUwZGUiDHBic19hb2VfbWVudQ

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Where: Cape of Good Hope to the Southern tip of India.
Who: de Gama/ (Portuguese)
Why: Portugal needed a way to reach India without going through any Muslim territory. When figuring this out they would also needed to expanding their trading routes.
So what: After reaching India this gave Portugal a new opportunity for trade. One of the biggest things that Portugal got access to were spices from Asia that gained them much wealth.
Image: Vasco de Gama's voyage around the coast of Africa to India.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3UmWQDzFA3w/STaxAbLzq_I/AAAAAAAAABE/_8ZNWVuzsDw/s320/LR004302.gif

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Where: The Caribbean
Who: The Spanish
Why: After Hispaniola, the Spanish would go on to explore Puerto Rico in 1507, Jamaica in 1509, and Cuba in 1511.
So what: The Spanish wanted to continue finding ways to gain more land and become successful. With coming in contact with more areas they would have to try to enslave they people and fight to gain riches.
Image: Map of the Caribbean Islands
https://www.123rf.com/photo_75879547_stock-vector-greater-antilles-political-map-caribbean-islands-cuba-jamaica-haiti-dominican-republic-puerto-rico-c.html

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Where: An  island located north of the Kuanza River
Who: The Portuguese and The Africans
Why: The Portuguese wanted to focus more on trading and  focus less on converting the Africans.
So what: The Africans initially  tell the Portuguese that there will be a problem if they try to expand on Luanda. However after 500 years Portuguese influence begins to expand across Luanda. This due to the fact that there was an enormous amount of slave trade going on that would eventually leave Luanda under Portuguese influence and followings.
Image: Warehouses and commercial buildings on the streets of Luanda in 1575
https://images.slideplayer.com/18/6198231/slides/slide_22.jpg