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Turner syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects females. It's caused by a partial or complete loss of the X-chromosome.

It affects many different organs, such as the ovaries. It causes premature ovarian failure, growth failure, abnormalities of the eyes and ears, skeletal malformations, heart anomalies, and kidney abnormalities.
Symptoms: Low-set ears, neck hair that extends down toward the shoulders, excess skin on the neck, droopy eyes, scoliosis, fingernails and toenails that turn slightly upward, flat feet, increased angulation at the elbow

It affects the sex glands - female gonads- ovaries

Hyposecretion: Abnormal development or premature insufficiency of the ovaries affects their ability to produce estrogen.

There is no cure for TS, but there are ways to manage it. Human growth hormone and estrogen replacement therapy are widely used in patients with Turner syndrome and are typically started in childhood.

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Graves’ disease is caused by a generalized overactivity of the entire thyroid gland

Graves’ disease is a type of autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, which is called hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease is often the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism.

Graves' disease affects both men and women; however, women are affected about 8- 10 times more often than men.

Symptoms: goiter, problems conceiving a child, lighter menstrual flow and less frequent periods, weight loss, frequent bowel movements, thinning of hair, brittle hair, hand tremors.

Treatments: radioactive iodine, antithyroid medications such as  methimazole and   propylthiouracil, and in some patients, surgery is done.

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-Addison's Disease is also called Adrenal insufficiency
-What is it? A disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones
-What gland does it affect? Adrenal
Glands
-The adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and insufficient levels of aldosterone.
-Who does it affect? All age groups and both sexes

-Treatment? To take hormones that will replace the insufficient amount made from the adrenal glands

-Symptoms? Fatigue, weight loss, low blood sugar, abdominal pain

-Cause? Occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged
-Addisons Disease is hyposecretion

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Tetany is a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms and is a hyposecretion disorder.

Causes:
Malfunction of the parathyroid gland.Can be the result of an electrolyte imbalance. Usually caused by low calcium level, which is known as hypocalcemia. It can also be caused by magnesium deficiency or too little potassium.

Symptoms:
Muscle cramps, spasms or tremors; may occur in any muscle in your body

Treatment:
Correct the imbalance by injecting calcium directly into the bloodstream or by taking calcium orally.

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Hasimoto's Thyroiditis is a disorder that attacks the thyroid gland.  It can be caused by a hormonal imbalance of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone. Typically Hashimoto's is due to a hyposecretion of estrogen, making it more prominent in women. The symptoms include: weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, joint pain, and a slowed heart rate. There is no cure, but it can be treated by taking hormone pills to have better hormonal balance.

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Hypogonadism is when sex glands produce little to no sex glands.
There are two types primary which means you don't have enough sex hormones in your body due to a problem in your gondas and central which means the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in your brain which control the gondas are not functioning properly.
Cause of primary are severe infections, undescended testes, surgery to sex organs and other disorders.
Central causes are HIV, brain surgery and obesity.
Symptoms in females lack of menstration, slow breast growth and hot flashes.
In men breast growth, reduced growth in penis and infertility.
Treatment in women can include estrogen therapy and increasing the amount of sex hormones
Treatment in men include injections, gel, patches and lozenge.

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Menopause is caused by a decline of reproductive hormones, as women get older the rate of how much estrogen and progesterone gets produced slows down, causing months of irregular mentstrual cycles until there are no more. Menopause may also be caused by chemo or radiation therapy.

The symptoms of menopause include:
- Hot flashes
- Sleep problems
- Irregular periods
- Mood Changes
- Weight gain/ slow metabolism
- Thinning hair/ dry skin
Following menopause, a woman does not have the ability to become pregnant.

There is no cure for menopause, but there are treatments in order to make the process more comfortable as it develops.
Some treatments include hormone therapy, which balances the estrogen that is not being produced anymore, and taking low dosage antidepressants helps with the mood changes and hot flashes that can occur during this change.

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A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid is the gland in front of the neck just below the area of the Adam's apple. It can sometimes occur when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).
Causes:
Iodine deficiency — A goiter may be caused by not getting enough iodine through the foods you eat. However, it is rare in the United States, because table salt is supplemented with iodine.
Graves' Disease — This autoimmune disorder causes hyperthyroidism. Grave’s disease causes the body to produce a protein called thyroid-stimulating  immunoglobulin that mistakenly attacks the thyroid, causing it to overproduce thyroid hormones and swell in size.
Hashimoto's Disease — Another autoimmune disorder in which antibodies damage thyroid cells, leaving fewer cells to produce thyroid hormones. The pituitary gland, which controls your thyroid, stimulates the thyroid to produce more hormones, making the thyroid swell. Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.

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- Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a rare and aggressive form of cancer of the thyroid gland.
- The cause of ATC is unknown
- Symptoms may be

Cough

Coughing up blood

Difficulty swallowing

Hoarseness or changing voice

Loud breathing

Lower neck lump, which often grows quickly

- Treatment: Radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy has a significant benefit.

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SAD Seasonal Affecters Disorder-Dailee Wheeler

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SAD Seasonal Affecters Disorder-Dailee Wheeler

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-Definition:
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that's related to changes in seasons — SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year.
-Causes:
The specific cause of seasonal affective disorder remains unknown.  Factors may include:

Your biological clock (circadian rhythm). The reduced level of sunlight in fall and winter may cause winter-onset SAD. This decrease in sunlight may disrupt your body's internal clock and lead to feelings of depression.

Serotonin levels. A drop in serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that affects mood, might play a role in SAD. Reduced sunlight can cause a drop in serotonin that may trigger depression.

Melatonin levels. The change in season can disrupt the balance of the body's level of melatonin, which plays a role in sleep patterns and mood.

-Affects the endocrine system:
Pineal (literally “pine cone”) gland, a pea-sized structure located deep in the center of the brain. This gland acts as a sort of light meter for the brain and body, receiving information from the eyes and producing the melatonin hormone in response to that information. By producing and sending out higher or lower levels of melatonin according to the amount of light the eyes receive, the pineal gland sets and regulates the brain’s internal clock causing to sleep more.
-Hypersection of melatonin

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid — called follicles — located in each ovary as seen during an ultrasound exam.
Causes: Excess Insulin, Low-grade inflammation, and Hereditary
Affects the Endocrine glands
PCOS is a hypersecretion caused by too much insulin.💋

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Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to overactivity of one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands.
Symptoms include:
-Fragile bones
-Joint pain
-Kidney stones
-Depression
Causes
The parathyroid glands maintain proper levels of both calcium and phosphorus in your body. When blood-calcium levels are too high, the parathyroid glands produce less parathyroid hormones but it some cases they may produce too much, leading to high calcium levels.
This disorder can be divided into two sections:
-Primary Hyperparathyroidism, which is a cancerous our noncancerous growth.
-Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, which is severe calcium or vitamin D deficiency or chronic kidney failure.
Treatments
-Surgery to remove 3 out of four of the glands
-Medication like hormone replacements
-Monitor calcium and vitamin D levels

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Osteoporosis is a disease in which the body absorbs more bone than it should. You lose bone density, bones become weak, and fractures and breaks may occur often.

Causes

Osteoporosis can be caused by thyroid and parathyroid problems. Excess parathyroid hormone(Hyperparathyroidism) can cause a calcium to b extracted from the bones, therefore making them weak and brittle. Also, hyperthyroidism, or excess the thyroid hormone can cause bone loss.

Symptoms

Some symptoms of osteoporosis are fractures that occur more often than usual, or fracture that occur without any injury to the bones in that area.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by measuring bone density with a special X-Ray on the hips and vertebrae. Also, blood tests may be done to check for other signs of osteoporosis. Treatments usually include drugs that prevent the breaking down of bone cells and preventing bone loss. Vitamin D and Calcium may also need to be replaced in people with osteoporosis to rebuild the bones and make them stronger.

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- Group of genetic conditions limiting hormone production in the adrenal glands
- Also called congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Affects one or more of the hormones Cortisol, which regulates the body's response to illness or stress; Mineralocorticoids, which regulate sodium and potassium levels; or Androgens, which are sex hormones.
- Comes in the form of Nonclassic, which is more common and more moderate, and Classic, which is more severe and can be detected in infants.
CLASSIC SYMPTOMS
- low blood pressure
- stunted growth
- abnormal genitalia (enlarged clitoris or penis, genitalia on females that look more male)
- early appearance of public hair
NONCLASSIC SYMPTOMS
- irregular menstrual periods
- masculine features on women (facial hair, excessive body hair, deepening voice)
- severe acne
- early appearance of pubic hair
- stunted growth
CAUSES
Children get the recessive gene from their parents. If both parents are carriers if the gene, the child has a possibility of being affected by CAH.
TREATMENTS
There is no cure for CAH, but people who are effected can lead normal lives if they are given the right treatments

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Obesity: the condition of being grossly fat or overweight

Causes of Obesity:
-over eating or frequent eating
-lack of exercise
-genetics
-medications
-Hypothyroidism: low levels of thyroid hormones, people with this disease typically have a lower body temperature, produce less body heat, and do not efficiently use stored fat for energy (hypo-secretion of thyroid hormones)
-Cushing's Syndrome: people with this disease have high levels of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, in the blood, high cortisol levels make the body feel like it is under stress causing it to have a larger/more frequent appetite and to store more fat (hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids)

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- hypersecretion disorder
- caused by a pituitary gland tumor.
- occurs when a child creates too much growth hormone
- symptoms:

excessive sweating

severe or recurrent headaches

weakness

insomnia and other sleep disorders

delayed puberty in both boys and girls

irregular menstrual periods in girls

deafness

-treatments

surgery

medication

gamma knife radiosurgery

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Dwarfism :
- it is a condition of short stature usually an adult 4' and 10" or under
- It is a rare condition

Dwarfism causes :
- dwarfism is caused by A metabolic and hormonal disorders
- Dwarfism is the result from the growth hormone deficiency

Growth hormone:
- chronic hypo-secretion of GH I'm infants and children lead to dwarfism
- What happens is the anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in reduced amounts

Dwarfism treatments:
- it can be improved if caught on early

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Type one diabetes is a hypersecretion disorder that causes the body's pancreas to Not be able to produce insulin, a hormone that the body uses to get glucose from the blood stream. Type one diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. That is why it was previously referred to as juvenile diabetes. Only 5% of all diabetics have this form. Diabetes is a very manageable disease. With constant blood glucose regulations and proper insulin injections, diabetics can live long and happy lives.