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BY Holly Johnson, Megan Worthington, and Danielle Wassell

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BY Holly Johnson, Megan Worthington, and Danielle Wassell

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-a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

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-in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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-in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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-reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

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-an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

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-a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

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-in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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-the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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-the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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-in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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-an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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-Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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The earliest human civilizations most likely made use of the systematic application of rewards and punishments as an effective means to control behavior. The domestication of animals throughout history, and the numerous early historical references to the effectiveness of animal trainers, further create a form of behavioral psychology that we see prevalent throughout our lives still today. John Watson is said to be the Father of Behaviorism, later followed by many other psychologists, a few of which listed below.

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Insights:Not everything can be discovered through behavior. Many aspects of life play a part in the development of a living being.
Implications: Behaviorism implies that the development of a person depends on learning through their behaviors and experiences.
Criticisms:
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-015-9247-5_8#page-1
-Contradictions with the ideas of Darwin's natural selection. (Nature vs. Nurture argument)
-Failure to show adequate generalizability in human behavior
-Inability to explain the development of human language.
http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/naik.html

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General: Environmental influence, classical and operant learning, nature

Personality: Behavior is personality, determined by the persons history of reinforcement

Abnormal: Results from faulty contingencies of reinforcement contexts that contribute to the development of psychological disorders

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Young children observed an adult aggressively hitting a Bobo doll. When children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively.

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- The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

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- Originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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" A type of behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect."

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" A treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques."

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A type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened (meaning, it will occur more frequently) when it's followed by reinforcement, and weakened (will happen less frequently) when followed by punishment.

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Intrinsic Motivation:

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Extrinsic Motivation:

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

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In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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John B. Watson - classical conditioning, Baby Albert experiment, founder of behaviorism

B.F Skinner - operant conditioning, created the skinner box to assist with lab analysis of animal behavior and learning

Pavlov- classical conditioning
- Most well known for his dog and salvation technique proving the effects of classical conditioning

Bandura- In agreement with both classical and operant conditioning, moreover he establishes the ideas that behavior stems from observational learning within the environment and that in addition to the conditioning process one can mediate between the response and stimuli.

Ellis- Father of cognitive- behavior theory and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Founded the belief that certain beliefs (often in irrational beliefs in the case of moos disorders) effect one's ability to function emotionally.

Beck- Contributed the Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) : A theory that involves talking in an attempt to change negative thought processes to rectify certain behaviors.

Harlow: Attachment experiment with the cloth/wore monkey to test whether the softer, more realistic or the more mechanical fake money was preferred by the real monkey. This studies that the need for affection creates a stronger bond.

Ainsworth: Categories babies as securely attached, insecure-aviodant, or insecure-ambivalent by studying their behaviors reacting to distance from their mothers

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- A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

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- In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

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- A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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- A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

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- Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

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- The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
- Psychology should be a science based on only observable events, not the unconscious or conscious mind