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If foreign microorganisms such as parasites, bacteria, fungi or viruses tries to get in the body, the body can react in two different ways: in the form of specific or non-specific defense.

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Die unspezifische Abwehr ist das erste Schutzschild des Körpers. Sie verhindert das Eindringen von Krankheitserregern in den Körper. Die spezifische Abwehr besteht in einer speziell auf den Eindringling zugeschnittenen Immunantwort. Sie wird aktiviert, sobald es einem Eindringling gelungen ist, die Barrieren der unspezifischen Abwehr zu überwinden.

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The immune system is the third line of defense. It consists of mechanisms and agents that target specific antigens (Ags). An antigen is any molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, that can be identified as foreign (nonself) or self (such as MHC antigens described below). It may be a toxin (injected into the blood by the sting of an insect, for example), a part of the protein coat of a virus, or a molecule unique to the plasma membranes of bacteria, protozoa, pollen, or other foreign cells. Once the foreign antigen is recognized, an agent is released that targets that specific antigen.

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This is the body system that protects us from pathogens and foreign invaders. It includes both nonspecific (innate) and specific (acquired) defenses.

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There are many non-specific defense mechanisms (i.e. the defense mechanisms are not restricted to a particular infectious agent; and the defense mechanisms act against any infectious agent) that act immediately after the entry of microbes into the host. Many serum proteins, phagocytic cells, and inflammatory mediators released from the site of microbial infection act against the microbes.

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The immune system is the third line of defense. It consists of mechanisms and agents that target specific antigens. An antigen is any molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, that can be identified as foreign (nonself) or self. It may be a toxin (injected into the blood by the sting of an insect, for example), a part of the protein coat of a virus, or a molecule unique to the plasma membranes of bacteria, protozoa, pollen, or other foreign cells. Once the foreign antigen is recognized, an agent is released that targets that specific antigen.

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The body possesses many mechanisms that impart nonspecific defense. The objectives of these mechanisms are to prevent microorganisms from gaining a foothold in the body and to destroy them if they penetrate to the deeper tissues.

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Fever is considered a nonspecific defense mechanism because it develops in response to numerous traumas. Fever is initiated by circulating substances calledpyrogens, which affect the brain's hypothalamus and cause the latter to raise the temperature. Although excessive fever can be dangerous, fever is believed to have a beneficial role because it retards the growth of temperature-sensitive microorganisms (for example, leprosy bacilli), and it increases the metabolism of body cells while stimulating the immune reaction and the process of phagocytosis.

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Teil 1