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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

Undergraduate Coursework Accountability Statement (To be completed by student)

ACADEMIC YEAR:             2016-2017                            SEMESTER:         II

COURSE CODE:                  FOUN 1101                         TITLE:                   Caribbean Civilisation

NAME: Catherina Subhasingh     ID: 813003684

1.            I hereby certify that I am the author of the attached item of coursework and that all materials from reference sources have been properly acknowledged.

2.            I understand what plagiarism is and what penalties may be imposed on students found guilty of plagiarism.

3.            I certify that this paper contains no plagiarised material.

4.            I certify that this is my own work and that I did not receive any unfair assistance from others (including unauthorized collaboration) in its preparation.

5.            I certify that this paper has not previously been submitted either in its entirety or in part within the UWI system or to any other educational institution.

6.            In the case of group work:

a.            I certify that the individual work of each member of the group has been clearly indicated;

b.            that where no such indication has been given, I take the responsibility for the work as if it were the section of the paper for which I am solely responsible; and

c.             that I have not collaborated with any members of the group to breach the University’s regulations.

Signature: Catherina Subhasingh

Date: 21/04/2017

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Figure 6 Shows Documents related to transactions in Trinidad in the early nineteenth century are written in French. Source: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 6 Shows Documents related to transactions in Trinidad in the early nineteenth century are written in French. Source: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 5 Shows slaves working on the plantation.

Source: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 4 shows making of rum.

Source: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 3 shows tools made and used by slaves. This is called a canoe.Source: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 3 shows tools made and used by slaves. This is called a canoe.Source: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 2: Slaves working on PlantationSource: The National Museum, 2016.

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Figure 2: Slaves working on PlantationSource: The National Museum, 2016.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Language, Culture and Caribbean Identity, 2012, John R. Rickford, Jeannette Allsopp

Beniamin Perace “The effects of slavery on the Caribbean” August 29, 2014.

Banks, James A. March Toward Freedom: A History of Black Americans.

Belmont, CA: Fearon Publishers, 1970.

Ford, Lacy K. Deliver Us From Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2009.

Franklin, John Hope and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2000.

Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2004.

White, Deborah Gray. “Let My People Go: 1804-1860” in To make Our World Anew: A History of African Americans, ed. Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, 169-226. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Martí, J. (2016) http://friktionmagasin.dk/index.php/2016/10/01/colonies-sugar-and-migration-in-the-english-caribbean/ (Accessed on 10/04/2017).

The National Museum, 2016

Macmillian Caribbean., (2008) https://www.macmillan-caribbean.com/uploads/aa209150-89b7-45c0-b7da-18e38b194374_CSEC%20History%20Book%201.pdf (Accessed on 10/04/2017).

Identity in the Caribbean., (2016) http://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/after-slavery/wider-world/african-diaspora/identity-in-caribbean/ (Accessed on 10/04/2017).

Brereton, B. (1996) An introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago.

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The slaves within the Caribbean resisted in many ways in the quest for equality and as a result is changed the nature of the Caribbean. They resisted by refusing to practice the religion of the whites’, resulting in keeping their own religion and teachings from generation to generation. They also resisted by running away to practice their spiritualties, however while some slaves escaped, some were caught.  They took risks of fleeing, leaving behind their family members and risking harsh punishments or even death. Unfortunately, some slaves were more likely to be sold away from their families including their children. They also resisted by breaking the tools, setting the buildings on fire and faking illnesses (Banks, 2004).

On sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean black women as women of African descent have resisted slavery and oppression as individuals as well as in leadership roles in resistance movements. Because different geographic locations shaped the realities of women of African descent in varying ways, the ways in which they resisted the violent and forced exploitation of their labour and reproduction also were incredibly varied.

Resistance to slavery came in many forms, all of which contributed to the abolition of slavery as an institution in the Americas in the second half of the nineteenth century. There were two main arms of resistance: that of slaves themselves and that of abolitionists, whose calls for the end of slavery became louder and more forceful beginning in the last two decades of the eighteenth century. Africans resisted slavery in several ways. They launched attacks on the crews aboard slave ships. Slavers’ reports document over 400 such attacks, but scholars believe there were many more. Once ashore, Africans ran away, sometimes establishing Maroon communities. Maroon communities, such as those in Suriname and Jamaica warred with white settlers throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These African slaves revolted on the very lands on which they were enslaved (Gray, 2000).

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Figure 1: Shows the history of colours in Trinidad and Tobago  Source: The National Museum, 2016

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Figure 1: Shows the history of colours in Trinidad and Tobago  Source: The National Museum, 2016

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Intellectual  input in the Caribbean region.

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Intellectual  input in the Caribbean region.

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The Caribbean's history and its evolution is what make the issue of intellectual property different from any other place in the world, and while it has been classed as a developing region by international institutions, its challenges are not the same as other developing regions. The region has not evolved an industrialized economy. This has meant that the business of entertainment and tourism for several decades has sustained entire countries within the region. The cultural development of Caribbean societies and the creation of its diaspora highlighting the emergence of Caribbean identities tend to be a main topic.

Historically and today, where there is oppression there is also resistance. Beginning in the 15thcentury during the age of exploration and conquest and continuing in its brutality until the late 20thcentury people of African descent were forcibly removed from their African homelands by Europeans, as well as with the economic and political coercion of some African rulers, who aware of the negative effects on their people and the stability of their nations, were often caught between the desire to end the slave trade. (Marti, 2016).

Race identities may emerge based on racial and ethnic characteristics of individuals which are powerful identification points that can go across geographical lines. Religion membership in some religious structures also offer a strong basis for identification.  Geography is one of the fundamental identity formation tools for Caribbean people, some choose to define themselves in the territory they were born in.  Linguistics reflects inputs of people from different art of the world which has resulted in a rich cultural mix. As a consequence, linguistics tradition of different languages, pidgins and creoles. These cut across racial, political and geographical boundaries and unite many based on common linguistic heritage. According to history, slavery, indentureship and colonialism provide an untied set of shared experiences for people. Many Caribbean people choose to identify themselves based on political allegiance which may be passed on from generations to generation. (Rickford, 2012)

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The Caribbean Islands still struggle economically and socially today as a result from its centric past. White British Plantation owners justified slavery by endorsing the belief of colour, the whites were seen as superior, though these ideas where developed close to the end of the slavery era, there were justification for the centuries of the slavery and inequality. Some people still maintain these valves leaving racism and inequality to be large issues in the Caribbean. Though Slavery have been long abolished the rest of the tropical region still face the negative effects of the diseases that was slavery. Also to Cultural Erasure which refers to the dying out of the socials groups. During the time of slavery the slaves were put through a period of seasoning where there culture was erased and replaced by that of the Europeans. This process was referred to as Acculturation by Brathwaite. (Perace, 2014).

Regional importance of Slavery meaning that it shaped the diaspora, in terms of the culture it help diversify the culture of the Caribbean region. For example singer Bob Marley sang and wrote songs for freedom. As a result of slavery in the Caribbean the remaining slaves did not have much of an intellectual input of themselves. According to Mehta, 2004, these men and women can interrogate their rights of participatory ownership society through their artistic and intellectual input. However, there is room for developing their own intellectual input allowing them to engage in critical thinking and reflection about the reality of society as well as the problems of society pleasantly, gaining power to become liberated of themselves.

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The concept of Caribbean Identity in relation to diverse  ideas of regional (dis) integration

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The concept of Caribbean Identity in relation to diverse  ideas of regional (dis) integration

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According to the article Reference World View, 2017, “Caribbean identity refers to the qualities, beliefs and culture common to the geographic area known as the Caribbean”.  Identity is influenced by personal choice but also by society through existing social and cultural situations (Rickford, 2012). The importance of Caribbean Civilisation is to teach about the indigenous people who came or helped shaped the Caribbean. Also to have the knowledge on historical events that helped shape the Caribbean to what it is currently. The importance of knowing about diversity, different cultures and religions in the Caribbean. The cultural development of Caribbean societies and the creation of its diaspora.

Integration suggests unity and teamwork or in this case, slavery, it refers to bringing an equal membership among the blacks and whites. Caribbean integration, bring about functional co-operation to encourage collaboration in areas of health, education, law, culture and other parts of the Caribbean’s social identity. (Rickford, 2012) Slavery and the slave trade were huge parts of the Caribbean’s early colonial history. The majority of the population in the Caribbean Islands were non-white minorities after the abolishment of slavery. The region was left in ruins economically, socially and politically. Being enslaved prevented these people from becoming educated and building their countries. Slavery left a development gap of the better part of the three centuries in Africa and the Caribbean’s populations.