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Autonomy                                                          A person, especially a prospector, who went to California in 1849 during the gold rush.

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49ner's                                                                 A person, especially a prospector, who went to California in 1849 during the gold rush.

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Treaty of Fort Laramie                                        In the spring of 1868 a conference was held at Fort Laramie, in present day Wyoming, that resulted in a treaty with the Sioux. This treaty was to bring peace between the whites and the Sioux who agreed to settle within the Black Hills reservation in the Dakota Territory.

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Expansionist                                                         A follower or advocate of a policy of territorial or economic expansion.

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Gadsden Purchase                                                 A tract of 45,535 sq. mi. (117,935 sq. km), now contained in New Mexico and Arizona, purchased for $10,000,000 from Mexico in 1853, the treaty being negotiated by James Gadsden.

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" Fifty Four Forty of Flight"                                  The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.

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Oregon Trail                                                        A route used during the U.S. westward migrations, especially in the period from 1840 to 1860, starting in Missouri and ending in Oregon. About 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long.

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Gold Rush                                                          A large-scale and hasty movement of people to a region where gold has been discovered, as to California in 1849.

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Wilmot Proviso                                                   Designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War (1846-48). Soon after the war began, President James K. Polk sought the appropriation of $2 million as part of a bill to negotiate the terms of a treaty.

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Texas Revolution                                    Fought from October 1835 to April 1836 between Mexico and Texas colonists that resulted in Texas’s independence from Mexico and the founding of the Republic of Texas (1836–45).

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Mexican American War                            Marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.

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Alamo                                                                                                                                                A mission in San Antonio, Texas, the site of a siege and massacre in 1836 by Mexican forces under Santa Anna of a handful of American rebels fighting for Texan independence from Mexico.

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Stephen Austin                                                                                                                                    In 1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution.

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Santa Fe Trail                                                         A two-way international commercial highway used by both Mexican and American traders. Then, in 1846, the Mexican-American War began, and a few months later, America’s Army of the West followed the Santa Fe Trail westward to successfully invade Mexico.

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Mountain Men                                               Any of the pioneers of the North American Rocky Mountain West who went to that region first as fur trappers. Attracted by the beaver in virgin streams, the trappers became the explorers of the Far West.

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Mexican Cession                                               The Mexican Cession is the region in the modern-day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican–American War.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo                      The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848, the treaty allowed the United States to purchase California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado for fifteen million dollars, doubling the size of the United States, but also displacing millions of Mexican citizens in new American territory.

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James K. Polk                                                         11th President of the United States; his expansionism led to the Mexican War and the annexation of California and much of the southwest (1795-1849)

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Sam Houston                                            United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) .

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Manifest Destiny                                                                                                                           Attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast.