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Flooding is an overflow of a basin containing water onto dry ground. Floods can occur during heavy rains, when waves hit shore, when snow melts quickly, or when prevention structures break down.
floods can be harmful both for a few centimeters of water and for meters. Floods can occur within minutes or over a long period. Floods are the most frequent disaster phenomenon worldwide.

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A floodplain (or floodplain) is a generally flat area of land next to a river or stream. It stretches from the banks of the river to the outer edges of the valley.

A floodplain consists of two parts. The first is the main channel of the river itself, called the floodway. Floodways can sometimes be seasonal, meaning the channel is dry for part of the year. The floodway of the Todd River in Australia’s Northern Territory, for instance, is an ephemeral stream, meaning its channel can be dry for months at a time.

Beyond the floodway is the flood fringe. The flood fringe extends from the outer banks of the floodway to the bluff lines of a river valley. Bluff lines, also called valley walls, mark the area where the valley floor begins to rise into bluffs. The flood fringe of the seasonal Todd River extends the floodplain to 445 square kilometers (170 square miles).

Some floodplains are extraordinarily wide. The Barotse floodplain of the Zambezi River, for example, is a vast wetland stretching thousands of kilometers through Angola, Zambia, and Botswana. The Barotse floodplain includes the sandy Kalahari basin, which is waterlogged during the rainy season and an extension of the nearby Kalahari Desert during the dry season.

Some rivers have very narrow floodplains. In fact, some rivers, or parts of rivers, seem to have no floodplain at all. These rivers usually have a steep stream gradient—a very deep, fast-moving channel. Ngonye Falls, Zambia, marks a remote stretch of the Zambezi River where the floodplain is extremely narrow. As the Zambezi leaves the wide floodplain of the sandy Kalahari, it enters a narrow basalt channel as fast-moving whitewater rapids.

Geology of a floodplain

There are two major processes involved in the natural development of floodplains: erosion and aggradation. The erosion of a floodplain describes the process in which earth is worn away by the movement of a floodway. Aggradation (or alluviation) of a floodplain describes the process in which earthen material increases as the floodway deposits sediment.

A river erodes a floodplain as it meanders, or curves from side to side. The massive lowland floodplain of the Amazon River, for instance, is carved with hundreds of oxbow lakes that document the meandering river and its tributaries over time. Oxbow lakes are formed when a meander, or bend, in the river is cut off from the river’s mainstem. Features such as oxbow lakes and seasonal wetlands are often a part of floodplains created through erosion and deposition.

A meandering stream can contribute to a floodplain’s aggradation, or build-up in land elevation, as well as its erosion. A typical aggradation environment is a wide, shallow, braided river. Braided rivers often include river deltas, where the main floodway is separated into discrete channels and tiny islands. The process of subsidence, in which the elevation of a delta may sink due to sea level rise or human activity, often offsets aggradation in the floodplains in these areas. The huge aggradation of sediment around the Nile delta, for instance, is subsiding due to the rising level of the Mediterranean Sea.

The alluvium, or sediment, of a floodplain varies. Its coarseness and composition depend on the surrounding landscape and the velocity of the currents that created the floodplain. Some floodplains are mostly fine-grained silt, while others are sandy.

The deposit of alluvium created as a river or stream breaks, or breaches, its bank is called a crevasse splay. The formation of a crevasse splay is very similar to the formation of an alluvial fan. The thickest layer of sediment is nearest the breach, while the thinnest and youngest sediments are fanned out.

The layered sediments of many floodplains can create important aquifers. Clay, sand, and gravel filter water as it seeps downward. Water purification systems often take advantage of this natural phenomenon in a process called bank filtration. In bank filtration, water is deliberately filtered through the banks or floodplain of a river or lake. Nearby wells then collect the filtered water, which is then ready for more intense purification processes.

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the water of the river, continuing to pass, over the years, erodes the banks and creates landslides

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Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest. Deforestation can include clearing the land for farming or livestock, or using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing.

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The reasons for which these operations are carried out can be many and can be both positive and negative from an environmental point of view: deforestation can be carried out, understood as cutting old, sick plants, burned for carelessness in the woods, or, in certain areas for timber production or for the construction of roads, buildings, agricultural land use, ski slopes, etc. It must not be confused with the cutting of the forest aimed at its cultivation through the technical criteria of silviculture or forestry, aimed at safeguarding the vegetation and extracting the timber from the forest, while ensuring the perpetuation of the forest ecosystem.

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Deforestation is the activity made by humans that consists of the wild and uncontrolled clearing of forests around the world. The main problems deriving from deforestation are the change due to the fauna and the resulting climate change.

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deforestation is the removal of trees within a certain area, causing problems for the animals that live there because their habitat changes

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How to WRITE a TECHNICAL REPORT https://www.sussex.ac.uk/ei/internal/forstudents/engineeringdesign/studyguides/techreportwriting#1 TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE name, title and logo of report recipient Arrange title in all caps with longer line above shorter line (inverted pyramid styles);

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Deforestation caused by human activity in the woods.  It is dangerous because without any trees the land is tends to collapse. Deforestation is a big problem for everyone:animals, nature and man.
And the rain is not slowed down by the trees and gets faster to the rivers, causing overflow.

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Erodibility is a measure of the resistance of geological materials (soils and rocks) to erosion. Highly erodible geological materials are easily displaced and transported by water.
The erodibility of bedrock is due to the runoff and impact of raindrops.

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The rains as in the case of the
Rio Rotian, contribute to creating
floods because they risk
enlarging the size of small rivers
and consequently giving in with
debris.

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deforestation caused by human activity in the woods.  It is dangerous because without any trees the land is tends to collapse. Deforestation is a big problem for everyone:animals, nature and man.

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One of the typical debris flow landslide shapes is the cone which is often caused by a flood of a river, due to abundant rains that have increased the water level and when it is full the banks are no longer able to contain the water.
So the shape of the river greatly influences everything around it. If water comes out of the margins, a disaster can occur.

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The rains, as in the case of the Rio rotian, contribute to creating floods because they risk enlarging the size of small rivers and consequently giving in with debris.
So the rains are very dangerous for the mountain, for the people who live there and for the environment.  We can say the aftermath on the picture of the 29th October 2018 Flood - Rio Rotian - TRENTINO (ITALY).
Rainfall is the most important factor in creating a flood, but there are many other contributing factors. When rain falls on a catchment, the amount of rainwater that reaches the waterways depends on the characteristics of the catchment, particularly its size, shape and land use. Some rainfall is 'captured' by soil and vegetation, and the remainder enters waterways as flow. River characteristics such as size and shape, the vegetation in and around the river, and the presence of structures in and adjacent to the waterway all affect the level of water in the waterway.

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In my opinion the main cause of that flood was the fact that most likely the river was diverted to have buildings built in its place. This shift of the river was done incorrectly and for this reason the flood occurred.

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One of the problem of floods are made by deforestation, in fact the tree block the dirt during a flood, but if they are not there, the earth will be carried away with the water, it's called corrosion.
But what is it a deforestation?

A deforestation is a big problem at nowadays, every day many company cut trees everywhere without plant others.
We need to do something or one day we don't have any forest left.

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The river has a high possibility of corrosion due to the very stony soil formation.

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The runoff coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient relating the amount of runoff to the amount of precipitation received. It is a larger value for areas with low infiltration and high runoff (pavement, steep gradient), and lower for permeable, well vegetated areas (forest, flat land).

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Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can happen during heavy rains, when ocean waves come on shore, when snow melts quickly, or when dams or levees break. Damaging flooding may happen with only a few inches of water, or it may cover a house to the rooftop. Floods can occur within minutes or over a long period, and may last days, weeks, or longer. Floods are the most common and widespread of all weather-related natural disasters.

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Is a measure of the inherent resistance of geologic materials (soils and rocks) to erosion. Soil erodibility is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact.

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Water that comes from ice or from underground sources.
It always tries to go down from the most leaning point and so we need proper embankments to prevent it from creating damage.

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Floods  depend on the place where you are, for example vegetation. Infact the vegetation changes the floods radically, blocking and modifying the water course.
For this reason it is important to assess floods.

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because there are no effective embankments and there is little vegetation

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On the sea cliffs, a landslide occurs in case of heavy rains, the sea sinks and erodes the banks.  the embankment being higher than the tide creates a cave.  then the upper part, which has not been eroded by the sea, falls due to gravity

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In this video we see rain falling and eroding the ground, carrying debris down to the valley causing damage.
The total of arrangements, activities and inputs that people undertake in a certain piece of land ... (cover type)

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Landslides can be caused by... (Agricultural practices)

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The water melts the clay and it slips away

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deforestation caused by human activity in the woods.  It is dangerous because without any trees the land is tends to collapse

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One of the typical debris flow landslide shapes is the cone which is often caused by a flood of a river, due to abundant rains that have increased the water level and when it is full the banks are no longer able to contain the water: then it comes out from the banks and carries the debris with it.

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Alluvial fan is caused from the sedimentation of material carried by rivers when they spread and their volume decreases

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The rain that falls on the ground and melt the soil and the river water erosion causes floods and it is a risk for the houses we are building, for the alredy build houses and for ghe constructions in general

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 TORRENTIAL RAINS, LAND USE - Neglection of the Territory

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 TORRENTIAL RAINS, LAND USE - Neglection of the Territory

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Landslides can arise from NATURAL CAUSES, such as rain or fracture in the ground, or from ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES, such as the costruction of buildings on a slope or deforestation.
The main causes of the floods are "catastrophic" such as torrential rains and neglecting of the territory.

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The erosion caused by rain or atmospheric agents, in turn cause the detachment of the layers of the soil.
The soil changes and changes shapes.

The soil can change for the new constructions and after the Vaia tempest, of October 2018.
The wood was shot down and there are a lot of free lands.

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Landslides can be caused by NATURAL CAUSES, such as rain or the presence of fractures in the ground, and by ARTIFICIAL CAUSES, such as the construction of buildings on slopes, or deforestation, which deprives the soil of root protection.

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MAIN VOCABULARY
Hazard
Risk
Warning
Issue
Rainstorm
Landslide
Debris flow
Mud flow
Flood
Fire
Drainage
Reservoir
Sediment supply
Basin sediment catchment
Reflow
Steep / flat
Predictable / unpredictable
Not-to-be-taken lightly
to drop out
to flow down
to entrench
to take out
to drop down
to put out a fire
to keep cutting
to clog
to settle out
to dredge out
to hold the soil in place
to drop
to shuttle someone into something
Erosion
Snowmelt
Storm cell
Channel
Creek
Pond
Ephemeral draw
Alluvial fan
Pile
Shape: point, line, polygon
Two-storey houses
Decker
Campground
Parking lot
Measure Units (feet, inches, decades)
...to and untrained eye...
...much farther up...
...to look beforehand...
Partnership
Log structure
Water catchment pond
...in terms of (economic loss / occurrences)
Utility
Facility
Fire station

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Easily create beautiful interactive video lessons for your students you can integrate right into your LMS. Track students' progress with hassle-free analytics as you flip your classroom!

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STORM

A storm isvery bad weather,with heavy rain, strong winds,and oftenthunder and lightning

STORM

VERBS (ACTIONS):to pour/pelt down, to rumble, to thunder, to flash,

ADJECTIVES and EXPRESSIONS:intensive, torrential, pouring, violent,the greater (cause)... the higher (consequence) the damage"it rains cats and dogs"

SYNONYMS:thunder shower, squall, downpour, drizzle, "rain buckets", snowstorm, blizzard, tempest,

Soil isthe substanceon the surface of the earthin which plants grow.

SOIL Properties

SOIL Properties

SYNONYMS:ground, terrain, earth, dirt, land, marshland, swampland, pile/layer of land, mound, soil consumption/pollution

ADJECTIVES (QUALITIES) and EXPRESSIONS:muddy, wet, dry, slick, slippery, flaky, crumbly, cracked, dustya clump of soil, quicksandno man's land, a plot of land, a postage-stamp sized piece of land

VERBS (ACTIONS):to dig, to lay down, to collapse, to slide, to crush, to crack, to pulverize,...

Write a subtitle

WATERSHED

a watershed isan area of high groundwhichdivides two or more river systems,so thatall streams on one side flow into one river and those on the other sideflow into a different river.

WATERSHED

VOCABULARY:river bedmouthcourse,tributary,sourceflow, streamriver banksbasin

ADJECTIVES and ESPRESSIONS:steep, deep,weak, strong, faible, slight, abundant, abrupt(ly),a 'swollen river',a river in flood

VERBS (ACTIONS):to flow, to dig, to erode, to set off, to feed, to gush out, to flood, to spring/burst out, to erode,

plant life as a whole,especiallythe plant lifeof a particular region

VEGETATION

VEGETATION

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES (QUALITIES):

VERBS (ACTIONS):

FARMING TECHNIQUES

FARMING TECHNIQUES

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

the river dischargeisthe total volume of water flowingthrougha river channel.

DISCHARGE

DISCHARGE

at any given point and is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs).

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES (QUALITIES):

VERBS (ACTIONS):

in the sense of remains:the fragmentsof something destroyed

DEBRIS

DEBRIS

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

a large amount of waterwhichoverflowscovering the ground

FLOOD

FLOOD

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

soft wet earth,as found on the groundafter rainor at the bottom of ponds

MUD

MUD

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

a centre of operations, organization, or supply,providedwith measuring instrumentstopredictor calculateweather forecasts

WEATHER STATION

WEATHER STATION

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

a mathematical parametrizationto reproducea regular recognizable waythat something is done

FORECASTING MODELS

FORECASTING MODELS

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES (QUALITIES):

VERBS (ACTIONS):

predictsthe long-termaverageannual rateof erosion on a field slope based on:

the Universal SOIL LOSS Equation

rainfall pattern,soil type, topography,crop systemandmanagement practices.

the Universal SOIL LOSS Equation

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

the total ofarrangements, activities and inputsthat people undertakein a certain land cover type.

LAND USE

LAND USE

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

A RISK assessmentis a considerationof some HAZARDS(someone or something)that put at risk a territory,producing ajudgmentabout them

RISK ASSESSMENT

RISK ASSESSMENT

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

X

LANDSLIDE DYNAMICS

LANDSLIDE DYNAMICS

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

A weir isa low barrierwhich is built across a riverin orderto control or directthe flow of water.

WEIR

WEIR

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

A dam is a wallthat is built across a riverin ordertostop the water flowingandto make a lake.

DAM

DAM

SYNONYMS:

ADJECTIVES:

VERBS (ACTIONS):

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STORM A storm isvery bad weather,with heavy rain, strong winds,and oftenthunder and lightning STORM VERBS (ACTIONS):to pour/pelt down, to rumble, to thunder, to flash, ADJECTIVES and EXPRESSIONS:intensive, torrential, pouring, violent,the greater (cause)... the higher (consequence) the damage"it rains cats and dogs" SYNONYMS:thunder shower, squall, downpour, drizzle, "rain buckets", snowstorm, blizzard, tempest, Soil isthe substanceon the surface of the earthin which plants grow.

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Because fewer plants there are more drops of water hit and erode the soil

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The water that gushes from a source, that of the drain of a glacier or the rainwater that flows on a slope tend to choose the path of maximum slope, that is the shortest, to reach the valley. In this way a series of small rivulets is formed which cut the slopes and which, by joining together, determine an increase in the erosive force of the water, producing runoff

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The river bed is too small and the water overflows, also a large amount of river material, of which a part gradually settles on the bottom of the river, can cause a flood, even the natural barriers, which hinder the flow of the water can be the cause.

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Physical factors cause flooding as a result of a natural change such as impermeable ground, steep slopes, a high drainage density and sparse vegetation.

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The shapes of the rivers contribute because the small rivers get bigger causing floods.

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Because soil water erosion is the loss of the most superficial layer of soil due to the action of rainwater; soil removal not only causes loss of functionality and damage, but also has repercussions in more distant locations due to the transport of soil material in the hydrographic grid.

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snow, ice and wind modify the earth and it no longer has resistance and gives way

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Because the rain is not slowed down by the trees and gets faster to the rivers, causing overflow

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The rains, as in the case of the Rio rotian, contribute to creating floods because they risk enlarging the size of small rivers and consequently giving in with debris.

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BEFORE and AFTER the Debris-Flow FLOOD of 29th October, 2018.

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BEFORE and AFTER the Debris-Flow FLOOD of 29th October, 2018.

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Dimaro -immagini della zona prima della frana del Rio Rotian

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ERASMUS + KA220 Project - Forests, Citizenship and HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL Risk Prevention -

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STORM HYDROGRAPHS

A storm hydrograph shows how quickly a river responds to a rainfall event.

link: https://www.meteotrentino.it/#!/content?menuItemDesktop=141

The water can reach the river by:

SOURCE: HTTPS://INTERNETGEOGRAPHY.NET

overland flow

through flow

groundwater flow

OVERLAND FLOW: that´s called also ´SURFACE RUNOFF´.

Source: SpringerLink, ´Encyclopedia of Agrophysics´ 2011 Edition

It´s the movement of water over the land, downslope towards a surface water body. It is a very important aspect of the water cycle and can be generated under two physical mechanisms.

A. The infiltration excess overland flow is formed (named also Hortonian overland flow after Horton E.R. ), when the rainfall intensity exceeds the soil infiltration capacity in an area (Liu et al., 2004). Then water accumulates on the soil and starts moving downslope, due to gravity, towards the hydrographic network.

B. The second mechanism occurs when the soil saturation exceeds its maximum level due to groundwater uplifting, baseflow*, and lateral subsurface water discharges, resulting in the appearance of saturation excess overland flow (Beven, 2004)

* BASEFLOW = deflusso idrico di base

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FIRST Driving Question: "WHAT CAUSES FLOODING"?

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Here we can share and discuss our experiences and observations! COORDINATOR: Prof. DACAS ELISA Istituto di Istruzione ´LORENZO GUETTI´- Tione di TRENTO, ITALY COVER PHOTOGRAPH: BELTRAMOLLI DENNY - ITALY, 2019 HOME: Mainpage FIRST Driving Question: "WHAT CAUSES FLOODING"? SECOND Driving Question: "HOW does Forestry IMPACT on HYDROGEOLOGICAL RISK"?

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Archivio dei dati meteo
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Archivio dei dati meteo La visualizzazione dei dati acquisiti presso le stazioni meteorologiche (archivio dati) è affidata all'applicazione HydstraWeb, che gestisce tutte le informazioni anagrafiche, geografiche e numeriche delle stazioni con ampie possibilità di personalizzazione per l'utente