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Sexual and  Asexual Reproduction
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION

1. There are two types of reproduction:

(a) Asexual reproduction:

involves only one parent

does not involve gamete
(b) Sexual reproduction,involves two parents from the same species but with different sexes.Both parents produce gametes for fertilisation.

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Endocrine System
The need of the endocrine system.The endocrine system complements the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis.The human endocrine system.The human endocrine system comprises glands that contain hormone-secreting cells.Hormones which are no longer useful are neutralized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

Organs which certain hormones act upon are called target organs.A hormone may have a few target organs.

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Reflect Arc
The pathway of a transmission of nerve impulse which produces a reflex action is called a reflex arc.

1.    Reflex arc in the withdrawal of hand when touching a hot object:

When the hand accidentally touches a hot object, pain receptors in the skin will sense the stimulus and produce a nerve impulse.

The nerve impulse is transmitted via the sensory neurone and then across a synapse to the interneurone in the grey matter of spinal cord.

From the interneurone, the impulse crosses a synapse again to the motor neurone.

The motor neurone sends the impulse to the effector organ, which is the biceps. The biceps contract and the hand withdraw from the hot object.

2.    Reflex arc for the knee-jerk response .When the tendon below the kneecap is tapped by a rubber-headed hammer, the quadriceps (thigh muscles) are stretched.The stretching stimulates the stretch receptors in the quadriceps to produce a nerve impulse.The nerve impulse is transmitted via the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.Within the grey matter of spinal cord,  the nerve impulse crosses a synapse to the motor neurone. When the impulse arrive at the quadriceps, the quadriceps contract, jerking leg forward

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Nervous System( Voluntary and involuntary action)
1.The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has two main  funtion.
a)it transmits signal to the central nervous system (CNS) for processing.
b)It transmit responses from the CNS to the rest of the body .These responses are either voluntary or involuntary actions.
2.The cerebrum is responsible for all voluntary actions while the medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions.
3.Voluntary actions such as walking and taking are under conscious control , while involuntary actions that involve skeletal muscles allow an immediate action that does not require conscious effort.

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Nervous System(Synapse)
1. The transmission of information across a synapse involves the conversion of electrical signals into chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters it is an active process which requires energy.

2.    Examples of neurotransmitters acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine

3.    The functions of synapses:

(a)  controlling and integrating the nerve impulses transmitted by the stimulated receptors

(b)  facilitating the transmission of nerve impulses in one direction.

a nerve impulse cannot go backward across a synapse

synaptic vesicles are only present in the synaptic terminals only the presynaptic membrane can discharge neurotransmitters receptors are only present in the postsynaptic membrane.

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Nervous System (Neurone)
1.    A neurone is a bacis unit of a nerve cell. Neurones cannot be replaced if damage.

2.    The function of neurones transmit nerve impulses to other nerve cells or to the glands and muscles

3.    There are three types of neurons:

(a)  afferent neurons or sensory neurones carry sensory information from receptors cells into the brain and spinal cord

(b)  efferent neurons or motor neurones carry information from the brain or spinal cord to the effectors, that is muscle or gland cells

(c)  interneurones or relay neurones convey nerve impulses between the various parts of the brain and the spinal cord transmit nerve impulses between the afferent neurons and the efferent neurons

1.    The structure of a typical neurone. A typical neurone has 4 distinct parts:

(b)  Dendrites receive information or signals from other neurons or from the external environment and conduct them towards the cell body

(c)  Cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles ,integrates signals and coordinated metabolic activities

(d)  Axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body some axons are insulated by a thick coat of material called myelin sheath to protect and insulate the axons and helps to speed up the conduction of nerve impulses

(e)  Synaptic terminals located at the far end of each axon transmit nerve impulses to muscle cells, gland cells or the dendrite of another neurone

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Nervous System
1.    The human nervous system is divided into two main subsystems:

(a)  The central nervous system (CNS) consist of brain and spinal cord acts as the control centre for our body activities

(b)  The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerve tissues outside the central nervous system links receptors and effectors to CNS consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves (take impulses to and from the brain) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (take impulses to and from the spinal cord)

2.    The nervous system performs three functions:

(a) Sensory involves the sensory receptors which detect stimuli and initiate nerve impulses that carry information to CNS

(b)  Integrative CNS processes and integrates the information by analyzing and storing some of it and making decision for appropriate responses.

(c) Motor transmits the commands from the CNS to an effector

3. The role of the nervous system

(a)  detects changes in external and internal environment

(b)  sends impulses to effectors so as to respond appropriately to the changes

(c)  coordinates various functions and activities which occur inside the body

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1.    The spinal cord lines below the medulla oblongata.

2.    The spinal cord is made up of white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside.

1.    Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord by two short branches called roots.The dorsal root contains the axons of afferent neurones which conduct impulses to the spinal cord from the sensory receptor. The dorsal root ganglion is composed of cell bodies of afferent neurons.The ventral root contains the axon of efferent neurons which conduct impulses away from the spinal cord from effectors.

2.    The functions of spinal cord:

(a)  processes certain types of sensory information and sends out response via the efferent neurons

(b)  connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain

(c)  acts as a minor integrating centre in producing simple reflex responses such as withdrawal of the hand from a hot object

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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands (ductless glands) which secrete hormones. Hormones are organic chemical compounds (steroids or proteins) secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream and carried by blood to targeted organs to produce a response. A hormone is secreted in one part of the body and may be used in another part of the body. Physiological processes which require only the endocrine system are maintaining the menstrual cycle and growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics. 

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Endocrine system

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ENDOCRINE SYSTE

The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.

If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.

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Endocrine system

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Endocrine system

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endocrine system

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Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands (ductless glands) which secrete hormones. Hormones are organic chemical compounds (steroids or proteins) secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream and carried by blood to targeted organs to produce a response. A hormone is secreted in one part of the body and may be used in another part of the body.

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System (Kelvin Kan Zhi Hao 5S4)

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Endocrine system-
The endocrine system is made up of glands that make hormones. Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They carry information and instructions from one set of cells to another.The endocrine system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body.The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism, and reproduction.he endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium. Many things affect hormone levels, such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in blood.

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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands (ductless glands) which secrete hormones. Hormones are organic chemical compounds (steroids or proteins) secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream and carried by blood to targeted organs to produce a response. A hormone is secreted in one part of the body and may be used in another part of the body. Physiological processes which require only the endocrine system are maintaining the menstrual cycle and growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

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The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine. The endocrine system can be contrasted to both exocrine glands, which secrete hormones to the outside of the body, and paracrine signalling between cells over a relatively short distance. Endocrine glands have no ducts, are vascular, and commonly have intracellular vacuoles or granules that store their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.

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The endocrine system consists of a number of glands that secrete hormones.Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands.The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and subsequently into the bloodstream.The circulating blood then delivers the hormones throughout the body.Hormones binds to the specific receptor molecules on the surface of the plasma membrane of the target cells.Once the hormone binds to its target cell,the hormone causes the cell to respond in a specific manner.

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endocrine system

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The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.

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Endocrine system

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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Goh Jing Rou 5S4                                The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

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The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands

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Ch'ng Ooi Yang 5S4

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The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland is in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach, and 🤬 and ovary are in the pelvic region. Firstly, Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells.If you don't make insulin, which is the case for people with type 1 diabetes, your blood sugar levels can get dangerously high. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually makes some insulin but not enough.Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.🤬. In men, the 🤬 make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the 🤬 to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.

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Endocrine System

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Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

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Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and 🤬 (in males), according to the Mayo Clinic.

The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete, according to Health Mentor Online. In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. The endocrine system affects almost every organ and cell in the body, according to the Merck Manual.

Although the hormones circulate throughout the body, each type of hormone is targeted toward certain organs and tissues, the Merck Manual notes. The endocrine system gets some help from organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, which have secondary endocrine functions. The kidney, for example, secretes hormones such as erythropoietin and renin.

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Endocrine System
The human endocrine system
The human  endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands which are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream which are then carried by blood to the targeted organs .
Hypothalamus controls  pituitary gland and receives information form nervous systems .
Pituitary gland (master gland )control all activities of other endocrine glands .
: secretes thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)                                                              that stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
:follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)stimulates                                  growth of follicle in ovary  in females while stimulates spermatogenesis in males .
:luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation  and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone in females while stimulates secretion of testosterone in males .
:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorbtion
by kidneys
:Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth in females and causes sperm ejection in males
:Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones
: Prolactin stimulates milk production from mammary gland

Thyroid gland screwed thyroxine to control body’s metabolic rate
Pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose level and to convert excess glucose to glycogen .It also secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose level and convert glycogen to glucose .
Adrenal gland secretes aldosterone to increase salt reabsorption by kidneys .It also secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight ‘ situations, increases body’s metabolic rate and constricts some blood vessels.
Testis secretes testosterone ti stimulates the development  of Secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates spermatogenesis
Ovary secretes oestrogen to stimulates the development of Secondary sexual characteristics and promotes repair of uterine lining .while progesterone stimulates the development of uterine lining and stimulates the formation of placenta

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Endocrine System

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TAN SWEE YANG 5S2

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction. The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released.

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Tang Hui Chin 5S2

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Endocrine System

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The human endocrine system
The human  endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands which are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream which are then carried by blood to the targeted organs .
Hypothalamus controls  pituitary gland and receives information form nervous systems .
Pituitary gland (master gland )control all activities of other endocrine glands .
: secretes thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)                                                              that stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
:follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)stimulates                                  growth of follicle in ovary  in females while stimulates spermatogenesis in males .
:luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation  and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone in females while stimulates secretion of testosterone in males .
:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorbtion
by kidneys
:Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth in females and causes sperm ejection in males
:Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones
: Prolactin stimulates milk production from mammary gland

Thyroid gland screwed thyroxine to control body’s metabolic rate
Pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose level and to convert excess glucose to glycogen .It also secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose level and convert glycogen to glucose .
Adrenal gland secretes aldosterone to increase salt reabsorption by kidneys .It also secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight ‘ situations, increases body’s metabolic rate and constricts some blood vessels.
Testis secretes testosterone ti stimulates the development  of Secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates spermatogenesis
Ovary secretes oestrogen to stimulates the development of Secondary sexual characteristics and promotes repair of uterine lining .while progesterone stimulates the development of uterine lining and stimulates the formation of placenta

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The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine. The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and 🤬 (in males).The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete, according to Health Mentor Online. In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. The endocrine system affects almost every organ and cell in the body.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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Teh Kun Wei 5s6

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine.A number of glands that signal each other in sequence are usually referred to as an axis, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems have secondary endocrine functions, including bone, kidneys, liver, heart and gonads. For example, the kidney secretes the endocrine hormone erythropoietin. Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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endocrine system

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

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Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. Your ovaries (if you're a woman) or 🤬 (if you're a man) are in your pelvic region.
Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.
Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. It makes many important hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and luteinizing hormone, which manages estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.
Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.
Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells.
Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.
🤬. In men, the 🤬 make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the 🤬 to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.

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Endocrine system

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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a series of glands that produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for a wide range of functions. These control many different bodily functions. The main hormone-producing are hypothalamus which is responsible for body temperature, hunger, moods and the release of hormones from other glands; and also controls thirst, sleep and drive. Pituitary considered the "master control gland," the pituitary gland controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger growth. Parathyroid which is the  gland controls the amount of calcium in the body. Pancreas is the gland produces the insulin that helps control blood sugar levels. Thyroid  produces hormones associated with calorie burning and heart rate.Adrenal glands produce the hormones that control drive and cortisol, the stress hormone.  Ovaries only in women, the ovaries secrete estrogen, testosterone and progesterone, the female  hormones. 🤬 only in men, the 🤬 produce the male 🤬 hormone, testosterone, and produce sperm.

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The endocrine System involves chemical signals and eight types of endocrine glands which can secretes hormone in the body. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands. The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and subsequently into the bloodstream. The circulating blood then delivers the hormones through the body and they affect with influence only specific target cells. Once the hormones binds with the target cell will causes the cell to respond in a specific manner. The endocrine play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The endocrine system usually complements the nervous system. There are eight endocrine glands:
1. Anterior pituitary gland -
TSH stimulates the throid gland.
FSH stimulates the development of the follicles in the ovaries.
LH stimulates ovulation.
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to releases hormones.
GH stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat metabolicm.
PRL stimulates milk synthesis and secretion from the mammary glands.
2. Posterior pituitary gland -
ADH stimulates water reabsorption.
Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the uterine muscles during childhood.
3. Thyroid gland -
Thyroxine Increses the metabolic rates of body cells.
4. Adrenal medulla -
Adrenaline and noradrenaline increses the level of sugar and fatty acid.
5. Adrenal cortex -
Aldosterone increses the reabsorption of mineral salts.
6. Pancreas -
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.
Glucagen increses blood glucose levels.
7. Ovaries -
Oestrogen stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and maturation of the ova.
Progesterone stimulates the development of the uterine lining and the formation of the placenta.
8. 🤬 -
Androgen stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis.

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The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
Function
The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and  (in males), according to the Mayo Clinic.Although the hormones circulate throughout the body, each type of hormone is targeted toward certain organs and tissues, the Merck Manual notes. The endocrine system gets some help from organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, which have secondary endocrine functions. The kidney, for example, secretes hormones such as erythropoietin and renin. The endocrine glands belong to the body's control system. The hormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body. Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones by humoral, neural or hormonal stimuli.

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Endocrine system is also another system which is responsible in human coordination and response. The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands. STATE the FUNCTION for EACH of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS in the endocrine system.

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Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

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Nervous System(Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

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Nervous System(Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

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Ooi Sze Hann (5S4)

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Nervous System(Voluntary vs Involuntary Action)

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Actions which are controlled by the cerebrum are called voluntary actions.These actions are slow actions which can regulate by muscles of the body.Walking and running is an example of voluntary actions.
Actions that are controlled by the Hind brain and the spinal cor are called involuntary actions.These actions are fast and not regulate by muscles of our body.Choking is a type of involuntary actions.

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Tan Shi Hui 5S6 Reflex arc

Reflex action is a rapid and automatic response to stimulus without conscious control .Reflex action is an involuntary action that involves spinal cord and contraction of skeletal muscles . Reflex arc is a pathway of transmission of nerve impulse which produces a effect action .The impulse travels from the after end neurone to the spinal cord , then to the efferent neurone.

The important of reflex action
• Reflex actions produce spontaneous reactions without waiting for instruction from the brain
• This can protect a person from injury
• This is because additional time that is needed by the brain to analyse information before triggering a response can lead to serious injury
• Since reflex action involve only the spinal cord ,the brain can focus on higher level thinking

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Reflex arc

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A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. The brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action.

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Tan Shou Sheng 5s2

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Voluntary action:

When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called the voluntary action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are produced consciously. Both spinal cord and brain are involved and these coordinate with PNS to generate necessary movements.

Involuntary action:

Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.

Both involuntary and voluntary actions are controlled by same parts of the brain. Hindbrain and midbrain control the involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, etc. All the body’s voluntary actions are controlled by the motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

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Reflex arc, neurological and sensory mechanism that controls a reflex, an immediate response to a particular stimulus. The primary components of the reflex arc are the sensory neurons (or receptors) that receive stimulation and in turn connect to other nerve cells that activate muscle cells (or effectors), which perform the reflex action.There are three main types of neuron: sensory, motor and relay.

These different types of neurons work together in a reflex action. A reflex action is an automatic (involuntary) and rapid response to a stimulus, which minimises any damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions, such as touching something hot. Reflex actions are therefore essential to the survival of many organisms.

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A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. The brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action.

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A voluntary action is basically an action which you yourself initiate by your own conscious. Your cerebral cortex (brain) sends impulses from it to the effectors (muscles or glands) via the spinal cord with relay neurons and finally a motor neurons. This action is under the control of the will thus is known as a voluntary action.
nvoluntary actions as their name suggest, are total opposites of voluntary actions, a reflex action is not under the control of the will. In this case, your spinal cord takes total control, without your own conscious. Reflex actions controlled by the spinal cord, example scratching, are called spinal reflexes. There are also cranial reflexes, example blinking, that are controlled by the brain but not by the cerebral cortex. Brushing, sneezing and salivation are also reflex actions however, salivation is also known a conditioned reflex action.

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Reflex Arc

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Reflex Arc

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Nervous System -Voluntary Vs Involuntary System

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Nervous System -Voluntary Vs Involuntary System

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Jason Chew Jian Ren 5S2

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Jason Chew Jian Ren 5S2

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Reflex Arc

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Reflex Arc—Khoo Yong Kit 5S4

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Relex Arc

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Nervous System (Voluntary VS Involuntary Action)— Khoo Yong Kit 5S4