# data[].attributes.headline
How drugs affect adrenergic neurotransmission

# data[].attributes.subject
How drugs affect adrenergic neurotransmission

# data[].attributes.headline
Pharmacological classes of centrally-acting alpha2 agonists

# data[].attributes.subject
Pharmacological classes of centrally-acting alpha2 agonists

# data[].attributes.body
Drug:
Methyldopa (can be used in pregnant women)

MOA:
- selectively activate alpha2 receptors in CNS
- inhibits norepinephrine release from presynaptic terminal
- reduces sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and to the heart
- decreases cardiac output, slows heart rate
- dilates blood vessels

Therapeutic uses:
- severe hypertension

Adverse effects:
- drowsiness
- rebound hypertension

# data[].attributes.headline
pharmacological classes of adrenergic agonists and antagonists (BETA) 

# data[].attributes.subject
pharmacological classes of adrenergic agonists and antagonists (BETA) 

# data[].attributes.body
β1 activation
Dobutamine & Isoproterenol

1. Cardiogenic shock – dobutamine increases cardiac output

2. Atrioventricular heart block – isoproterenol enhances impulse conduction through the AV node
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) and dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)

Angina pectoris (Chest pain)

β1 blockade
Propranolol and Atenolol
1. Angina pectoris – by reducing oxygen demand in the heart

2. Hypertension – by reducing cardiac output and renin release in the kidney

3. Cardiac dysrhythmias – by blocking excessive electrical activity in the atria

4. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) – by reducing oxygen demand in the heart

5. Heart failure – by preventing detrimental effect

6. Performance anxiety – by preventing beta1-mediated tachycardia

β2 activation
Epinephrine and Ephedrine
Helps in treating asthma
- By bronchodilation
- Beta2 selective agents and inhalation route are preferred to prevent adverse systemic effects

- Delay of preterm labor (cause uterus relaxed, cannot push baby out) – by relaxing uterine smooth muscles

# data[].attributes.headline
How drugs affect cholinergic neurotransmission 

# data[].attributes.subject
How drugs affect cholinergic neurotransmission 

# data[].attributes.headline
pharmacological classes of adrenergic agonist and antagonists (ALPHA-1) 

# data[].attributes.subject
pharmacological classes of adrenergic agonist and antagonists (ALPHA-1) 

# data[].attributes.body
α1 activation
Epinephrine & Phenylephrine
THERAPEUTIC USES
1. Nasal decongestion – by vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa

2. Increase blood pressure – by vasoconstriction to treat hypotensive patients

3. Mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) – acting on the radial muscle of the iris to facilitate eye examinations and ocular surgery

ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Hypertension, Necrosis (cell or tissue death) & Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

α1 blockade
Prazosin & Terazosin
THERAPEUTIC USES
1. Hypertension – by vasodilation through blocking alpha1 receptors on arterioles and veins.

2. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate enlargement) – by smooth muscle dilation in the bladder and prostatic capsule
ADVERSE EFFECTS:

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension – due to reduced blood pressure caused by reduced venous return
Reflex tachycardia – via baroreceptor which detected decreased blood pressure caused by vasodilation

§Nasal congestion – vasodilation in the nasal mucosa

# data[].attributes.headline
Comparing sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (summary)

# data[].attributes.subject
Comparing sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (summary)

# data[].attributes.headline
Pharmacological classes of cholinergic drugs

# data[].attributes.subject
Pharmacological classes of cholinergic drugs

# data[].attributes.body
Muscarinic antagonists
ATROPINE
MOA:
Block the muscarinic receptors and prevent receptor activation by endogenous acetylcholine
Selectively block muscarinic receptors at therapeutic doses,
High doses can block nicotinic receptors
e.g during eye examination for pupil enlargement
Adverse effects:
Salivary glands: dry mouth

Eyes: blurred vision and photophobia (intolerance to light)

Bladder: urinary retention

Gastrointestinal: constipation

Heart: tachycardia (rapid heart beat)
Ipratropium bromide
Inhalation to treat asthma, prevent Ach to constrict the airway, improving the airflow (increased)
Cholinesterase inhibitors
NEOSTIGMINE
Inhibits breaking down of acetylcholine to acetate and choline, acetylcholine increases
- Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor which acts as    substrate for cholinesterase and prevents breakdown of acetylcholine
Treat: Myasthenia gravis by preventing acetylcholine inactivation, cholinesterase inhibitors can intensify the effects of acetylcholine released from motor neurons, increasing muscle strength

# data[].attributes.headline
Functions of adrenergic receptor subtypes on peripheral nervous system

# data[].attributes.subject
Functions of adrenergic receptor subtypes on peripheral nervous system

# data[].attributes.headline
Functions of cholinergic receptor subtypes on peripheral nervous system

# data[].attributes.subject
Functions of cholinergic receptor subtypes on peripheral nervous system

# data[].attributes.headline
Functions of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in specific tissues

# data[].attributes.subject
Functions of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in specific tissues

# data[].attributes.headline
Receptors of the peripheral nervous system

# data[].attributes.subject
Receptors of the peripheral nervous system

# data[].attributes.body
- Cholinergic receptors:
- Nicotinic (muscle)
- Nicotinic (neuronal)
- Muscarinic
Adrenergic receptors:
- Alpha1 (α1)
Found in Eye, arterioles and veins, bladder, prostatic capsule
- Alpha2 (α2)
Found in presynaptic nerve terminals
- Beta1 (β1)
Found in heart, kidney
- Beta2 (β2)
Found in Lungs (bronchi), uterus, liver, skeletal muscle

# data[].attributes.headline
Functions of PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system (rest and digest) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Functions of PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system (rest and digest) 

# data[].attributes.body
1) Heart rate decrease
2) Gastric secretion is increased (liver produces more bile)
3) Emptying of the bladder and bowel
4) Pupils are constricted in the eyes (miosis)
5) Focusing the eye for near vision --> ciliary muscles relax
6) Contracting bronchial smooth muscles in the lungs
7) Digestion is stimulated
8) Adrenal glands stop secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

# data[].attributes.headline
Functions of SYMPATHETIC nervous system  "fight-or-flight”   

# data[].attributes.subject
Functions of SYMPATHETIC nervous system  "fight-or-flight”   

# data[].attributes.body
- Regulating the cardiovascular system
1. Maintenance of blood flow to the brain

2. Redistribution of blood flow during exercise

3. Compensation for blood loss by causing vasoconstriction

- Regulating body temperature
1.Conservation of heat

2. Help the body to cool

- Implementing the acute stress response
1. Increasing heart rate and blood pressure

2. Shunting blood away from the skin and viscera and into skeletal muscles

3. Dilating the bronchi to improve oxygenation

4. Dilating the pupils (mydriasis) to enhance visual acuity

5. Mobilizing stored energy to provide glucose for the brain and fatty acids for muscles (liver)