# data[].attributes.body
Third estate swears to stay together until France is governed fairly

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Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation 1803

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Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation 1803

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It was one of the last laws the Roman Empire came up with before the empire collapsed.

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In response to his defeat by Napoleon, Prussian KingFrederick William I, pushed by his ministers, initiated a series of reforms intended to change property relationships and the administration of the state. This Edict abolished serfdom

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At the Congress of Vienna Europe was reorganized after the Napoleonic Wars.

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Wartburg Festival 18th-19th October 1917

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Wartburg Festival 18th-19th October 1917

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- Organized by student unions
- Students and professors gathered at Wartburg
- Held speeches and did torchlight processions
- Burned un-German books                                                                               -> gave rise to nationalist movement

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- Metternich issued  the Carlsbad decree in 1819 with the pretext of the Wartburg Festival and the killing of Kotzebue in 1819
- reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation
- banned nationalist fraternities
- Occupation of universities
- removed liberal university professors
- expanded the censorship of the press

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- Carlsbad decree silenced national movement until the Hambach Festival
- Revolution gained new European dimension
- Germany unity and sympathies for the nationalist movement

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Germany had now established an actual customs union and therefore also a economic union without the simultaneous creation of a political federation or union.
It simplified German trade and also stood for a unification in some sense at least.

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The process of industrialization in Germany took place mostly in the 19th century; one of its most prominent early milestones was the Customs Union (see: 1834 Customs Union). Afterwards, what ensued was the rapid growth of few specific industries in Germany, mostly railway construction, coal mining and machinery production, as well as general electrical and chemical industries (also called "sunrise industries").
However, altough industrialization had changed Germany's overall economic and political situation for the better, it had also exposed many inequalities and flaws of the economic system, which had led to a wave of strikes in years 1871-73.

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1837 Dismissing of the "Göttingen seven" (seven professors)

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1837 Dismissing of the "Göttingen seven" (seven professors)

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Due to protestors demanding the dismissal of Metternich, he resigned on the 13th of March

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-from March 1848 to July 1849
-liberal,bourgeois-democratic unity and independence uprising against restoration efforts

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The National Assembly at the Paulskirche 18th May 1848 - 31st May 1849

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The National Assembly at the Paulskirche 18th May 1848 - 31st May 1849

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-Constitutionnal commitee of the German Revolution
-drafted a constitution

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-24 March 1848-8 May 1852
-political and military conflicts of the German national movements

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-April 3, 1849
-Frederick William refused the imperial crown offered by the national assembly in Frankfurt am Main
-would accept it only from the German princes
-destroyed the constitution drafted by that assembly

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Bismarck as Prussian foreign minister 1862

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Bismarck as Prussian foreign minister 1862

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-Bismarck Minister-President

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-Dualism of Prussia & Austria
-German confederation dependant on Prussian army

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-from the early modern period to 1866
-Austria and Prussia two main powers in Germany
-both cooperation and rivalry

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-defeat of Austria

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-July 13, 1870
-encounter between King William 1 of Prussia and the French ambassador
-to the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck

# data[].attributes.body
- Napoleon III finally had to give in to public demands and declared war on Prussia on July 15, 1870
- The Battle of Sedan on 2 September 1870, resulted in the surrender of Napoleon III

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- the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles and the Prussian King became the Emperor William I of Germany

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- disposed over very substantial military means and potential

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Germany tried to compete in a naval race with the world’s leading naval power, Britain

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-assassination of Sarajevo on June 28,1914 and the following July crisis triggered the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary on Serbia

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In 1917, two very important events took place: USA had entered WWI and Russia had undergone two Russian Revolutions, which have turned it into a council democracy, the Soviet Union.
These events are of such significance because of their repercussions later in the 20th century: States' entry in the war had not only influenced the war, but also western policy afterwards, making USA resort to intense isolationism. As for Soviet Union, it had an enormous presence in the world's political geoscape for the entirety of its existence.

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on October 29th 1918 the German fleet should leave to the North Sea
-> sailors think it might seem too aggressive to others and thus they refuse to go
->about 1000 sailors are arrested
-> this led to multiple sailors mutinies and the first workers' and soldiers' councils came about

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Proclamation of the Weimar Republic, November 1918

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Proclamation of the Weimar Republic, November 1918

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Partly because of the November revolution Emperor Wilhelm the II abdicated and the Social Democrat Phillipp Scheidemann proclaimed the republic on November 9th 1918

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- Peace treaty between Germany and the Allied Powers ending World War l
- Treaty declared Germany responsible for the war
- Germany had to give up territory, pay reparations and disarm

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Foundation of the Weimar Republic and Constitution

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Foundation of the Weimar Republic and Constitution

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The dismissal of police superintendent Emil Eichhorn triggered the Spartacist Uprising

-> the USPD and the KPD called for demonstrations against his dismissal

-> Two right-wing free corps groups helped put them down

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The first attempted coup of the right was the Kapp Putch on 13 March 1920

-> After right-wing politician Wolfgang Kapp was proclaimed new Reich Chancellor

-> This putsch failed due to a national strike by workers and the refusal of civil servants to follow Kapp’s orders

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The NASDP published their program consisting of 25 points in which they addressed the question of who should be considered German and generally focused on the idea of nationalism and how Germany should strengthen their international power.
(Power, colonialism; exclusion of Jews; punishments; definition of German blood)

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After Germany fell behind with their reparation payments France occupied the the Ruhr area
-> highly significant because of the industry, which was there
-> yet the fulfilment policy prevailed

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After the Ruhr occupation the workers there went into passive resistance, essentially refusing to work
-> led to hyperinflation and caused a total breakdown of Germany's supply system by autumn 1923

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Munich Beer Hall Putsch 8th November 1923

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Munich Beer Hall Putsch 8th November 1923

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- A failed putsch attempt from the political right on 8th and 9th November 1923
- Hitler declared the Bavarian and Berlin government deposed
- It failed because Kahr and Lossow did not agree to Hitler‘s provisional government
- Hitler was arrested and was released after 9 months

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- The Dawes Plan was a new settlement for the reparation payments Germany had to pay
- Main goal was to better the current situation, as Germany was not able to pay
- Germany was actually allowed to participate equally in the discussions

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- The golden twenties ended with the Great depression
- On 24 October 1929 the Wall Street crash happened
-mAs a result there was a worldwide decline in industry and trade
- Thus foreign loans were no longer being paid and the unemployment rate in Germany increased sharply
- The Weimar coalition broke up over the question on how to solve this issue

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On 27 March 1930 the government under chancellor Müller resigned and a new Grand Coalition was formed

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Hitler became chancellor - 30th Januar 1933

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Hitler became chancellor - 30th Januar 1933

# data[].attributes.body
- On 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed chancellor by the Reichspräsident

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First phase of the Nazi consolidation of power: control at the centre and the Reichstag Fire Decree

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First phase of the Nazi consolidation of power: control at the centre and the Reichstag Fire Decree

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On February 27th 1933, not long before the Reichstag, the Parliament building had been set on fire. The Nazi party had used this as a pretext to consolidate their power in several ways: firstly, by blaming the fire on communists, they had turned the people against them, solidifying their own position; secondly, they were able to persuade Hindenburg to pass the Emergency Decree for the Protection of German People, which had suspended most of the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic due to a state of emergency. Finally, with an already strengthened position, they had used the gained advantage to pass the Enabling Act (see: The Enabling Act passed on March 23, 1933).

Many historians suspect the Nazis of laying fire to the building themselves; the Nazi response to it was perfectly synchronized, too well not to be planned beforehand, not to mention how much the Nazi party had gained from the panic that ensued.

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The Enabling Act passed on March 23,1933

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The Enabling Act passed on March 23,1933

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-allowed the Reich government to issue laws without the consent of Germany‘s parliament
-layed the foundation for the complete Nazification of German society

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- Violence against Jews and jewish possessions
- Burning of jewish books and papers

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- Laws that deprived German Jews of their citizenship
- "Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour“ : no marriage between Jews and Germans, no employment of German women under 45 in Jewish households
-"Reich Citizenship Law“ : only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens, Jews had no citizenship rights

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- Austria becomes a part of Nazi Germany after the German Wehrmacht crossed the border without resistence of the Austrian military

- A plebiscite on April 10th ratified Austria´s annexation

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1939 - Germany invades Poland - Start of World War 2

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1939 - Germany invades Poland - Start of World War 2

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April 30th - Hitler and his wife Commit suicide

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April 30th - Hitler and his wife Commit suicide

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-the allied forces have surrounded Berlin

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Stock market crash of 1929 (black Thursday)

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Stock market crash of 1929 (black Thursday)

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- Share prices in the New York Stock Exchange collapsed
- Investors traded more than 16 million stocks intraday
- many investors lost most of their capital, few of them had to sell their real estate and lived homeless in the Central Park
- this event was followed by the great depression

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- from August 1940 to spring 1941
- Germany severely bombs British cities, in order to weaken the allied powers
- seen as the start of the shift in power during the Second World War, because the mission failed

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starting 1941 - "final solution of the Jewish question"

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starting 1941 - "final solution of the Jewish question"

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- 6 million Jews are systematicaly killed in concentration camps and extermination camps

- offically without the knowledge of the public

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-attack by the wehrmacht on the soviet union
-opens the german-soviet war
-goal of the nazis: destruction of “jewish bolshewism“ and germanisation of the new living space

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- on December 8th 1941 the US enters the war, after Japan attacked Pearl Harbour
- before they only offered support to the allied powers, for example by providing weaponry or other recourses

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1942-43 - resistance group the "White Rose"

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1942-43 - resistance group the "White Rose"

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- The siblings Scholl and others release many regimecritical pamphlets

- On February 22: Christian Probst (an accomplice), Hans and Sophie Scholl are executed

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- June 4th 1944
- the allied invasion in the Normandy starts
- thus the territory previously invaded by Germany is taken back

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20th July 1944 - "Stauffenberg assassination"

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20th July 1944 - "Stauffenberg assassination"

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- planned assassination of Hitler by count Stauffenberg

- plan was to execute Hitler in the Wolf´s Lair

- failed attempt led to the arrest of more than 7,000 people by the Gestapo of whom 4,980 were executed

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At the Potsdam Conference the three leaders of the allied Nations came together to discuss the matter of Land and possible to settle the question of Germany's future.
Due to France about having been excluded from previous Conferences regareline Germany‘s fate, especially in hindsight of their immense losses of Territory and soldiers caused by the German NS regime, they wäre later on included into the Alls system.

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- given by Winston Churchill on March 5th
- empathized how important it is to establish peace and democracy in Europe after the war
- a soviet influenced "Iron Curtain" had spread across the eastern parts of Europe, dividing the nations (spread of the communist system and totalitarian regimes)
- problem needed to be addressed quickly, by western democracies uniting and working together

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- was given by US President Truman in front of the US Congress
- prioritized the containment of communism in the western world
- US duty to help struggling states (economically and financially), to help them gain their independence and freedom (without soviet influence)
- marks the beginning of the "Cold War", since the US is declaring communism (or the Soviet Union) their enemy

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The Berlin Blockade (June 1948- May 1949)

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The Berlin Blockade (June 1948- May 1949)

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- USSR cutting the western Berlin territories off and essentially blocking them from getting food, goods and other essential needs
-> aim is to starve the people there and make use of the cultural and economic importance of Germany‘s capital
- first US wanted to react with military, but then the Berlin Airlift is chosen as a solution
- After long negotiations the blockade is ended in May 1949

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The FRG was founded on the western part of Germany

The GDR was build on the former middle and now eastern parts of Germany

Although the US wanted also the Soviet Union to join hands in rebuilding Germany this split of territory was done after the Soviet Union rejected this offer

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- Council for mutual economic aid
- introduced in reaction to the Marshall plan
- proving economic and political strength and independence form the countering states now surrounding the US

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On 9 May 1950 the French foreign minister (Robert Schuman) made a proposal

He wanted to place French and West German steel and coal production under one authority

Would later be opened to other European countries

Goal: create common interests, pacify relations between France and west Germany

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- Note written by the Soviet Union to the Allied Powers about a German reunification
- Condition: German have to become neutral
- Debate: Was it a serious offer or a bluff?
- It was dismissed in the end

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-1.November 1955-30 April 1975
-proxy war
-south vietnam fights against the insurgent vietcong and the communist north
-USA supports south,China and Soviet Union north
-USA withdraws troops And North Vietnam Wind the war

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-signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany
-foundation for the European Union today (back then created the European Economic Community)
-establishment of customs union + crating a single market for goods, labour, services and capital
-creation of common policies in different sectors

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1968 Prague Spring and Brezhnev Doctrine

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1968 Prague Spring and Brezhnev Doctrine

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Prague Spring symbolized a period of political liberization and mass protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic under Alexander Dubceks time as first secretary of the KSC.
They attempted to loose media, speech and travel restrictions, however the idea of decentralizing administrative authority was not well received by the Soviets and resulted in a civilian-based-defense against the forceful attempt of the Soviets of occupying the country.

Later that year the Brezhnev Doctrine was introduced and basically justified and explicitly allowed the Soviet Union to intervene in the affair of Communist countries to strengthen communism.

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- "Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe"
--> was attended by 33 European states and the USA/ Canada
--> aimed at decreasing tensions in Europe (between the east and west) on a political and military level, as well as improving human rights
--> Finland initiated the conference, after an impulse given by the Soviet Union in 1969
--> the "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe" developed out of the CSCE (in 1994) and still exists today

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9th November 1989