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After the Death of queen Elizabeth I in 1603, the English throne was asceded by James VI of Scotland (James I of England) (Stoyle, 2011)

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Guy Fawkes being interrogated by James I

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At the Hampton Court Conferenced held in January 1604, James I expressed his hostility against the Catholics, later on also announced publicly, which led to priests and Jesuits being expelled and recusancy fines reintroduced. Catholics were very disappointed. Some of the most devoted and powerful ones (like Robert Catesby, Thomas Wintour, Jack Wright, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes) came up with the idea of hatching a plot to blow the king and his parliament. The Gunpowder plot, however, failed, it was discovered and the traitors were captured and heavily punished. Consequently, new laws were established against Catholics- they were not allowed to practice law, serve as officers in the Army or Navy and vote. (Robinson, 2011)

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After the death of James I in 1625, his son Charles I was throned. Charles had an apparent determination of ruling England without the assistance of the Parliament. To achieve this, in 1637 he attempted to introduce a new form of prayer book in his Northern kingdom of Scotland. This was met with reluctance and disobedience and the king was forced to summon a Parliament. The members of the Parliament were very angry and therefore decided to stop the king. In 1640 his ministers were arrested or forced to flee, his prerogative courts were abolished and his financial expedients were declared illegal. In 1641, a split emerged in the country between those who wished for further reform- the Royalists, and those who thought that the recent changes had gone far enough- the Parliamentarians. (Stoyle, 2011)

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From the perspective of Richard Baxter, an English Puritan church leader, poet and controversialist:
''The ones who adhered to the Parliament were the ones 'that used to talk to God, and heaven and holiness..''. Whereas the ones that stuck to the Royalists were not so precise and strict against an oath, plays, drinking. ''

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As religious traditionalists (moderate Protestants and Catholics) turn to the king for support, Charles I decided to use this to his advantage. In August 1642, he strode into the Parliament house with a body of soldiers and demanded the traitors. His plan went badly wrong, the men managed to escape and the public was outraged by his behaviour. This caused a great commotion in the city of London and he was forced to flee to save his life.  The Parliament and The king couldn't agree and England began to divide into 2 armed camps. (Stoyle, 2011)

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In 1643, the Parliamentarians concluded a military alliance with the Scots.  The following year (1644) the Royalists' forces were defeated by the Parliamentarians at Marston Moor. Charles I had lost control over the north of Britain. Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell established the New Modern Army. In 1645, the king's forces were defeated again at  Naseby. (Stoyle, 2011)

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Battle of Naseby - The English Civil War, Royalists VS Parliamentarians

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In June 1646, the capital Oxford was conquered by the Parliamentarian Modern Army. The king put himself under the protection of the Scots. Unwilling to accept his defeat, he hoped to exploit division between the Scots and the Parliament. In December 1647, The Scottish men agreed to restore Charles to the English throne. The Scottish invasion was supported by the Royalists. The fight between the Scots and Parliamentarians ended in August 1648 with a victory for the forces of the New Modern Army. (History.com Editors, 2009)

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Charles I's attempts to recover his position by starting a new war, this time between the Scots and the Parliament, led to the decision of his execution so that the kingdom could settle in peace. In January 1649 Charles I was charged with high treason, found guilty and beheaded in front of a huge crowd at Whitehall Palace. England is declared a Commonwealth. (Stoyle, 2011)

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Execution of Charles I of England (in Whitehall Palace)

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Charles II and The Third Civil War(1650- 1652)

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Charles II and The Third Civil War(1650- 1652)

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The eldest son of the king, Charles II, managed to make an agreement with the Scots and in 1651 was crowned as the King of Scotland. He tried to conquer England the same year but was defeated by Cromwell at Worcester. He escaped and flee to France. (Stoyle, 2011)

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In 1653, Cromwell was established as 'lord protector' of the new Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and over the next 5 years, he strives to establish a republican government. After his death, in 1658 his son succeded his position but abdicated eight months later. (Stoyle, 2011)

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After the abdication of Richard Cromwell, Charles II was invited to continue his governance as the king. In the years of his resignation, the country faced a devastation plague (1665) and was destroyed by the Great Fire of London. (Stoyle, 2011)