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In 1184, Frederick Barbarossa, who was a Holy Roman Emperor, made the town a free imperial city. Then once again, the city fell to the dukes of Burgundy who then passed the town over to the Habsburg emperor Maximillian l through his marriage to Mary of Burgundy.

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Later, Besançon became very prosperous and virtually became the capital of Franche Comte during the Austro-Spanish domination from 1477 to 1674. The town had become the subject of a fight between Spain and France but eventually, the town was ruled by Louis XIV of France.

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Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban who is a brilliant french military engineer fortified the town. He also built a citadel on a rock behind Besaçnon that still stands today on the site of a former Roman castrum.

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The town was bombarded by Austrians in 1814 and then destroyed during world war ll by the Germans.

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Roman remains in Bescançon include a theater, aqueducte, a triumphal arch, and part of a bridge that goes over the Dole river.

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Victor Hugo was born in Bescançon the Grand Rue which is the town’s main street.