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Michigan History Resources - Hayes Elementary School

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Michigan History Resources - Hayes Elementary School

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This site features direct links to an array of Michigan-related information, including official government Web sites, laws, taxes, and other general resources. http://GovSpot.com/state/mi.htm

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Michigan For Kids: Maps | Activities | History | Facts «

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Michigan For Kids: Maps | Activities | History | Facts «

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Michigan For Kids: Maps | Activities | History | Facts "

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Parents and Teachers: Please follow me on Teachers Pay Teachers and Twitter.

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Kids learn about the history and timeline of the state of Michigan including early explorers, Native Americans, settlers, Pontiac's Rebellion, and the War of 1812.

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Media Center / Michigan History Resources

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Media Center / Michigan History Resources

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Media Center / Michigan History Resources

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Michigan Kids - Facts on Michigan's history, state symbols, population, geography, economy and more.

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Find out more about the history of Michigan, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com

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We, as human beings, have a very rich history, and the best part is that most of the history of mankind is saved or known somehow. Centuries ago, mankind had not anything to write so they used to write on walls with symbols. They never knew that they will be remembered for the years to come. Even there was no proper means of recording the history or the current moments then, but it still somehow passed on and we now know much of it even today. Talk of Egyptians, Romans, Greek, Arabs and other old civilizations that are still known and pretty much alive today.

We got several important things along with this history. In fact, most of the systems, education, policies and traditions are derived from the past. Roman numerals or Roman numbering system is one among them. This Roman numeral system was developed around 500 B.C. and at that time it was used as the only numbering system. Interestingly even today, it still serves the same purpose and is used widely in several fields. Although it isn't the only numbering system today but we cannot deny its importance and uses in anyway.

History

Not much is known as to how Roman numerals actually originated. There are different schools of thoughts. Although we know that this particular numbering system was developed by Romans to understand numbers and numbering system but what were the consequences that led to the formation of this particular numbering system, are fairly unknown.

For instance, why they choose to represent 10 with X and not to any other symbol? The Roman numerals are nothing but a set of different symbols. Today, it is a bit hard for us to realize that these are symbols because we have been using them for years. And secondly, we have been using these symbols at several other places too like for us, X means the alphabet 'X' or 10 until it is stated. But back then when Romans developed their numbering system, they had nothing but symbols to do all the mathematics, counting, numbering and other calculations.

Origin of the Roman numerals

When we talk of the exact origin of the Roman numerals, things will not be easy for us. Even historians are not pretty much sure. But as said, there are different schools of thought and there are different hypotheses about the origin of the Roman numbering system.

Historians and scientists, however, agree to the fact that the symbols used in Roman numerals are independent symbols and signs that were not being used by Romans. Only 2 digits of the Roman numerals are found to be the part of the Roman alphabet which are I and X. All the other symbols used in the numbering system were new for instance, C, D M and many others. To this extent, all the historians and researchers agree but when it comes to the mystery of the origin of the other symbols of the Roman numeral system, the most famous and widely accepted hypothesis is the one known as Tally Sticks.

Tally Sticks

Most of the researchers agree to the fact that Roman numerals are derived from Tally Sticks. Tally Sticks is an old device that was used for recording purpose and to remember quantities. This is a pretty old concept and it was used by Romans even before they invented Roman numerals. So to device their own numbering system, they took most of the concepts from Tally Sticks.

Researchers and historians that support this hypothesis argue that 'I' refers to the 'І' that is derived from Tally Sticks where 'I' represents a notch score. Same way, in Tally Sticks I,II,III and IIII were used to represent 1,2,3 and 4 respectively. This concept was amended and then Romans formed their own new numbering system.

Almost all the symbols that were used in the Roman numerals were taken from Tally Sticks. Later on, these symbols were amended and they lost their shape. Most of them were renewed in the time of Augustus. For instance, C was used to represent 100 which we still use and is known as 'cent', 'M' was introduced to replace the old symbol which represented (and still represent) 1000, we call it 'mile'.

Hand Signals

Another similar and over-lapping concept is known hand signals. Researchers like Hooper are of the view that Roman numeral symbols were derived from hand signals where 'I' represent a single finger and 'II' represent two fingers and so on. This concept only explains the initial 10 symbols of the Roman numerals.

These two are the most famous and mostly accepted theories that explain the origin of the Roman numerals and their symbols to some extent.

No matter how these symbols were derived back then, the important thing to note here is that Roman numerals play a very vital role even today. Ever since the invention of the Roman numerals, it has been used a lot. Even the numbering system that we are using today has been mostly derived from the ancient Roman numbering system. Same way most of the other numbering systems were derived from this particular numbering system.

If you are of the view that Roman numerals is of no use, you are absolutely wrong. The exact Roman numeral system is being used at is today for instance in movies, clocks, books and in several other fields. As stated, even our numbering system contains a lot of symbols that were initially the part of Roman numerals for instance 'c', 'm' and others. In fact, our basic numbering system is just an advanced version of the Roman numbering system. We should be thankful to the Romans for their invention because we got our numbering system derived from their numbering system.

Finally, I would like to encourage parents and teachers to make their kids learn Roman numerals and this ancient numbering system. They should learn Roman numeral converter methods and they should know as much as possible about this ancient numbering system so that they can easily read all those symbols quite easily. We are using Roman numerals in several fields even today, our kids should learn them as well.

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The History And Origin Of Roman Numerals

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We, as human beings, have a very rich history, and the best part is that most of the history of mankind is saved or known somehow. Centuries ago, mankind had not anything to write so they used to write on walls with symbols. They never knew that they will be remembered for the years to come.

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The engraved marker for Entrance LII - 52 - is still visible at the Coliseum in Rome.

Credit: WarpFlyght/Creative Commons

Roman numerals originated, as the name might suggest, in ancient Rome. There are seven basic symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M. The first usage of the symbols began showing up between 900 and 800 B.C.

The numerals developed out of a need for a common method of counting, essential to communications and trade. Counting on one's fingers got out of hand, so to speak, when you reached 10. So, a counting system was devised based on a person's hand.

A single line, or "I," referred to one unit or finger; the "V" represented five fingers, specifically, the V-shape made by the thumb and forefinger. "X" equaled two hands. (See how an X could be two Vs touching at their points?)

Larger Roman numerals developed from other symbols.

M = 1,000 - Originally, the Greek letter phi - Φ - represented this value. It was sometimes represented as a C, I and backwards C, like this: CIƆ - which sort of looks like an M. It's only a coincidence that mille is the Latin word for a thousand.

D = 500 - The symbol for this number was originally IƆ - half of CIƆ.

C = 100 - The original symbol was probably theta - Θ - and later became a C. It only coincidentally also stands for centum, the Latin word for a hundred.

L = 50 - This value was originally represented by a superimposed V and I, or by the letter psi - Ψ - which flattened out to look like an inverted T, and then eventually came to resemble an L.

Numbers are formed by combining various letters and finding the sum of those values. The numerals are placed from left to right, and the order of the numerals determines whether you add or subtract the values. If one or more letters are placed after a letter of greater value, you add. If a letter is placed before a letter of greater value, you subtract. For example, VI = 6 because V is higher than I. But IV = 4 because I is lower than V.

A medieval clock in Prague, Czech Republic, has Roman numerals on its face.

Credit: Michaela Stejskalova Shutterstock

There are a number of other rules related to Roman numerals. For example, do not use the same symbol more than three times in a row. When it comes to subtracting amounts, only powers of 10 are subtracted, like I, X, or C, but not V or L. For example, 95 is not VC. 95 is XCV. XC equals 100 minus 10, or 90, so XC plus V, or 90 plus 5, equals 95.

Also, only one number can be subtracted from another. For example, 13 is not IIXV. It's easy to see how the reasoning would be: 15 minus 1 minus 1. But following the rule, it instead is XIII, or 10 plus 3.

You also cannot subtract a number from one that is more than 10 times greater. You can subtract 1 from 10 (IX) but you cannot subtract 1 from 100; there is no such number as IC. You would instead write XCIX (XC + IX, or 90+9). For larger numbers in the thousands, a bar placed on top of the letter or string of letters multiplies the numeral's value by 1,000: .

Roman numerals are not without flaws. For example, there is no symbol for zero, and there is no way to calculate fractions. This hindered the ability to develop a universally understood, sophisticated math system, and made trading more difficult. Eventually, Roman numerals gave way to the more versatile Arabic or Hindu numeral system, where numbers are read as a single number in sequence, like 435 as four hundred thirty-five.

As the Roman Empire collapsed a thousand years later, Christianity (ironically one of Rome's earliest targets for persecution), continued to use the culture's number system.

Today, Roman numerals appear in building cornerstones and movie credits and titles. They are also used in names of monarchs, popes, ships and sporting events, like the Olympics and the Super Bowl.

Roman numerals are used in astronomy to designate moons and in chemistry to denote groups of the Periodic Table. They can be seen in tables of contents and in manuscript outlines, as upper- and lower-case Roman numerals break information into an easily organized structure. Music theory employs Roman numerals in notation symbols.

These uses are more due to aesthetic reasons than functional purposes. Cosmetically, Roman numerals convey a sense of history and timelessness, which is especially true in clocks and watches.

Related:

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Roman Numerals: Conversion, Meaning & Origins

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Roman numerals originated, as the name might suggest, in ancient Rome. There are seven basic symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M. The first usage of the symbols began showing up between 900 and 800 B.C. The numerals developed out of a need for a common method of counting, essential to communications and trade.

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Roman Numerals History - They Had No Zero (0) Number

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Roman numerals history - 8th Century BC to 200 AD the number system grew and evolved before being superceded by Arabic numerals with a decimal system and zero

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The Department of Multicultural Education Spanish Translation Team certifies that this is a true and faithful translation of the original document. (561) 434-8620 - April 2012

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Johnston County Career & Technical Leadership Academy

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