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Bio-Inspired Design: Insects and Solutions

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Bio-Inspired Design: Insects and Solutions

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An Overview of some ways in which the study of insects has influenced our technology and different fields of study. Bioinspired architecture based on African terminate mounds has helped solve the problem of temperature control in large building in Zimbabwe. Robotics is one of the fields most influenced by entomology. Navigation systems inspired on insect sensors can help drones explore Mars. There is no Sustainable Development Goal of the 17 established by the UN in 2015 that cannot benefit from insects.

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Part of a (theoretical) mini-series of podcasts meant to help describe how bees function and the role they play in our lives. This part in particular focuses on bee communication and sharing information via the waggle dance.

Von Frisch, K. (1967). The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

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Are bees the answer to all of our health problems? Can I use them to finally look young again? On this episode of the Insect Club, Caleb and Hassan answer those questions and more while exploring the fascinating world of honeybees and how they have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years even dating back to the time of Hippocrates! They dive into some of the ways that bees can be used in medicine, from their stings to their sweet honey, and they even answer a lucky viewer question!

Business Insider. Why Mānuka Honey Is So Expensive | So Expensive. (25 May 2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6bGZXk6F2E Accessed 18 November 2020.

Carter, D. A., Blair, S. E., Cokcetin, N. N., Bouzo, D., Brooks, P., Schothauer, R., & Harry, E. J. (2016). Therapeutic Manuka Honey: No Longer So Alternative. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00569

Cornara, L., Biagi, M., Xiao, J., & Burlando, B. (2017). Therapeutic Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Different Honeybee Products. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00412

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A series of infographics about bees and their lifestyles. The infographics are divided to explore different aspects of honey bees, starting from their structure and covering other topics about their behaviours, colonies, important processes, problems they face and the solutions being presented to help them stay as abundant as we need.

Infographic 1:

[1] The Anatomy of Bees

https://www.perfectbee.com/learn-about-bees/the-science-of-bees/the-anatomy-of-bees

[2] Anatomy of the honeybee

http://www.fao.org/3/t0104e/T0104E06.htm#Chapter%203%20Anatomy%20of%20the%20honeybee

[3] Overview of Honeybee Types, Habitats & Characteristics

https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/honey-bees

[4] Head Segment of the Honey Bee

https://bee-health.extension.org/head-segment-of-the-honey-bee/

[5] Bee Anatomy

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/honey-bee-anatomy

[6] Bee Identification Guide

from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/569ec99b841abaccb7c7e74c/t/57c4a525be659414336906d1/1472505131898/Bee+ID+Guide+2016+Digital+Final.pdf

Infographic 2:

[1] Habitat of a Honey Bee: Beehives, Climates & Locations of Honeybees

https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/habitat-of-a-honey-bee

[2] Honey Bees: Overview of Honey Bees Facts, Types & Characteristics

https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/honey-bees

[3] Scientists Finally Figure Out How Bees Fly

https://www.livescience.com/528-scientists-finally-figure-bees-fly.html

[4] How Do Bees Fly?

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/how-do-bees-fly

[5] Understanding How Honey Bees Communicate

https://www.kelleybees.com/blog/news-events/understanding-how-honey-bees-communicate/

[6] Summers. M. (2020) Video lecture 5.2 slides: Insect Communication. University of Calgary

[7] What Do Honey Bees Eat: Bee Pollen

https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/what-do-honey-bee-eat

[8] Mechanics of Honey Bee Mating: Honey Bee Mating Habits

https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/mechanics-of-honey-bee-mating

[9] How Honeybees Reproduce

https://www.perfectbee.com/lesson/honey-bees-reproduce

Infographic 3:

[1] Honeybee Colony: Facts About Roles Within Honey Bee Hives

https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/honey-bees/colony

[2] The Colony and Its Organization

https://agdev.anr.udel.edu/maarec/honey-bee-biology/the-colony-and-its-organization/

[3] What is the lifespan of a drone honey bee?

https://www.honeybeesuite.com/what-is-the-lifespan-of-a-drone-honey-bee/

[4] How Much Honey Does A Bee Hive Produce Per Year?

https://honestbeekeeper.com/824/how-much-honey-does-a-bee-hive-produce-per-year/

[5] Biology of Plants : Pollination

http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/pollination.html

[6] Ask a grown-up: How do bees make honey?

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/aug/10/how-bees-make-honey-ask-a-grown-up

[7] Pollination - Bees, A Honey of an Idea

https://bees.techno-science.ca/english/bees/pollination/default.php

[8] Bee pollination improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2440.

[9] How Bees Make Honey

https://honeybee.org.au/education/wonderful-world-of-honey/how-bees-make-honey/

[10] What Is Honey?

https://www.livescience.com/37611-what-is-honey-honeybees.html

[11] 5 Cool Facts about HONEY! (2016, August 30).

https://bartramsgarden.org/5-cool-facts-honey/

[12] 15 Honey Facts Worth Buzzing About

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/68528/15-honey-facts-worth-buzzing-about

[13] Perfect Bee. Inside and Outside of he Beehive: The Power of the Colony

https://www.perfectbee.com/learn-about-bees/the-life-of-bees/inside-and-out-of-the-beehive

Infographic 4:

[1] Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006481

[2] How Much Does Colony Collapse Disorder Increase Food Prices?

https://www.thebalance.com/bee-colony-collapse-disorder-facts-and-economic-impact-3305815

[3] Alberta's Pollinators

https://www.aiwc.ca/blog/albertas-pollinators

[4] Infographic of the Day: Who Cares if Honey Bees Are Dying?

https://www.fastcompany.com/1663022/infographic-of-the-day-who-cares-if-honey-bees-are-dying

[5] The Buzz About Native Bees

https://albertawilderness.ca/the-buzz-about-native-bees

[6] Impact of the introduced honey bees

https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01376.x

[7] The effects of colony collapse disorder and other bee news

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/30/buzzfeeds-bees-colony-collapse-disorder.

[8] Economic Benefits of Honey Bees in Alberta

https://www.albertabeekeepers.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Economic-Benefits-of-  Honey-Bees-in-AB_Final.pdf

[9] How to reduce bee poisonings from pesticides.

https://www.alberta.ca/how-to-reduce-bee-poisonings-from-pesticides.aspx

[10] Pesticide-Virus Interactions in Honey Nees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines

https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050566

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A brief look at biological control and why it is better for the environment compared to pesticides and insecticides. Includes a look at a few major players in the game of biological control and their main diets.

1) Natural Enemies of Field Crop Insect Pests in Alberta. 2000
https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/da25a50d-a5d8-448d-8c31-1d247b27969a/resource/1662a06e-67fc-4cf0-99e1-4e9e7ddfed06/download/2000-620-3.pdf  Accessed 21 November 2020

2) Maximizing the Value of Beneficial Insects on the Farm: Predators and Parasitoids. 2017
https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/pubs/predatorsofinsectsfactsheet.pdf Accessed 21 November 2020
3) Louda S., Kendall D., Connor J., Simberlodd. 1997. Ecological Effects of an Insect Introduced for the Biological Control of Weeds. Science, 277, 1088-1090 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/277/5329/1088.full

4) Colin, Baird,. (2012) Environmental Chemistry. (5th ed.) Macmillan Higher Education. [VitalSource Bookshelf].

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A short introduction of insects found in the realm of medicine, science, and engineering with interactive colouring for those with a curiosity in bugs.
[1] Army ants: Facts, types & life cycle. (2015). Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/army-ants-factstypes-life-cycle.html

[2] Schiappa, J. & Van Hee. R. (2012). From ants to staples: history and ideas concerning suturing techniques. Acta Chirugica Belgica, 11(5): 395-402. doi:10.1080/00015458.2012.11680861

[3] Fratellone, P.M., Tsimis, F. & Fratellone, G. (2016). Apitherapy products for medicinal use. The Journal of Alterative and Complementary Medicine, 22(12): 1020-1022. doi:10.1089/acm.2015.0346

[4] Wehbe, R., Frangieh, J., Rima, M., El Obeid, D., Sabatier, J. M., & Fajloun, Z. (2019). Bee Venom: Overview of Main Compounds and Bioactivities for Therapeutic Interests. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(16), 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162997

[5] Meng, X., Zhu, F., & Chen, K. (2017). Silkworm: A Promising Model Organism in Life Science. Journal of insect science (Online), 17(5), 97. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iex064

[6] Kunz, R. I., Brancalhão, R. M., Ribeiro, L. F., & Natali, M. R. (2016). Silkworm Sericin: Properties and Biomedical Applications. BioMed research international, 2016, 8175701. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8175701

[7] Huang W., Ling S., Li C., Omenetto F.G., & Kaplan D.L. (2018) Silkworm silk-based materials and devices generated using bio-nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev. Aug 28;47(17):6486-6504. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00187A

[8] Engineers repurpose wasp venom as an antibiotic drug. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181207112651.htm

[9] Leite, N. B., Aufderhorst-Roberts, A., Palma, M. S., Connell, S. D., Ruggiero Neto, J., & Beales, P. A. (2015). PE and PS Lipids Synergistically Enhance Membrane Poration by a Peptide with Anticancer Properties. Biophysical journal, 109(5), 936–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.033

[10] Perez-Reverol, A., dos Santos-Pino, J. R. A., Musacchio Lasa, A., Palma, M. S., & Brochetto-Braga, M. R. (2017). Wasp venomic: Unravelling the toxins arsenal of Polybia paulista venom and its potential pharmaceutical applications. Journal of Proteonomics, 161(24), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.016

[11] How wasp venom kills cancer cells. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.gatewaycr.org/gateway-blog/posts/2016/april/how-wasp-venom-kills-cancer-cells/

[12] Pennisi, E. Even a car can’t kill this beetle. Here’s why. (2020). Science. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/even-car-can-t-kill-beetle-here-s-why
[13] Chen, P-Y. Diabolical ironclad beetles inspire tougher joints for engineering applications. (2020). Nature. 586, 502- 204. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02840-1

[14] Ackerman, E. DragonflEye project wants to turn insects into cyborg drones. (2017). IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved from https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/industrial-robots/draper-dragonfleye-project

[15] Weisberge, M. This cyborg insect could bring big advances in medical care. (2017). Live Science. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/57742-genetically-modified-cyborg-dragonflies.html

[16] Jennings, B.H. (2011). Drosophila—A versatile model in biology & medicine. Materials Today, 14(5), 190-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70113-4.

[17] Tolwinski N. S. (2017). Introduction: Drosophila-A Model System for Developmental Biology. Journal of developmental biology, 5(3), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb5030009

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Insects have some of the most sophisticated and efficient designs seen in our ecosystems. They are able to survive and thrive using very little resources, even in the most dangerous places. This infographic provides an overview of the vital roles that insects play in our development as a society through study of their biological design.

1.     Discover Magazine. 4 Technologies That Use Inspects for Inspiration. (2013). https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/4-new-technologies-that-use-insects-for-inspiration Accessed 9 November 2020.

2.     Ejiofor, A.O. (2015). Insect Biotechnology. In A.O. Ejiofor,  Short Views on Insect Genomics and Proteomics, (pp. 185-210). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

3.     Gahukar, R.T. (2016). Edible Insect Farming: Efficiency and Impact on Family Livelihood, Food Security, and Environment Compared With Livestock and Crops. In A.T. Dossey, J.A. Morales-Ramos & M.G. Rojas (Edts.),  Insects as Sustainable Food Ingredients: Production,Processing and Food Applications, (pp. 85-111). United States: Academic Press.

4.     Interesting Engineering. Bug Life: These 5 Robots Were Inspired by Insects. (2018). https://interestingengineering.com/bug-life-these-5-robots-were-inspired-by-insects Accessed 21 November 2020.

5.     Live Science. Insects Inspire Robot Design. (2010). https://www.livescience.com/10693-insects-inspire-robot-design.html Accessed 21 November 2020.

6.     Nature’s Suba Divers: How Beetles Breath Underwater l Deep Look. (10 November 2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-RtG5Z-9jQ&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=DeepLook

7.     Sticky. Stretchy. Waterproof. The Amazing Underwater Tape of the Caddisfly l Deep Look. (9 August 2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3BHrzDHoYo&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=DeepLook

8.     8.Stork N.E. (2018). How Many Species of Insects andOther Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth? Annual Review of Entomology, 63. 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348

9.          The Insect Allies program- genetically modified in agriculture. (20 September 2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7QpuEKsKx4&t=249s&ab_channel=MaxPlanckSociety

10.  This is Why Water Striders Make Terrible Lifeguards l Deep Look. (1 August 2017). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2unnSK7WTE&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=DeepLook

11.  What Gives the Morpho Butterfly Its Magnificent Blue? l Deep Look. (16 December 2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29Ts7CsJDpg&t=2s&ab_channel=DeepLook

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Forensic Entomology: Its not just for T.V.

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Forensic Entomology: Its not just for T.V.

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This infographic provides an overview of what forensic entomology is and what areas it is broken down into. It goes through a brief history of the field and delves into specific insects and their life cycles which aid in criminal investigations. It also has information on some future areas of research and a broad guide for people interested in getting into the field of forensic entomology.

1) Forensic entomologist. (21 October 2008). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLJsXnTIS6Q Accessed 18 November 2020.

2) Listening to the Dead – Forensic uncovered with Lynda La Plante and Cass Sutherland. 5: Episode 4 – Forensic Entomology. (19 March 2020). https://open.spotify.com/episode/4KOuN1CtQ6c7SbMdzZLuoo Accessed 19 November 2020.

3) Joseph, I., Mathew, D. G., Sathyan, P., & Vargheese, G. (2011). The use of insects in forensics: An overview on the scope of forensic entomology. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences, 3(2), 89-91. DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.92154.

4) CSI Special Insects Unit: Forensic entomology. (10 March 2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vv4RW2AFxM Accessed 18 November 2020.

5) Forensic entomology: Where insects meet the law. (2017). https://entomologytoday.org/2017/06/21/forensic-entomology-where-insects-meet-the-law/ Accessed 18 November 2020.

6) Forensic Entomology: The use of insects in death investigations. (Date unknown). https://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/forensicentomology.htm Accessed 18 November 2020.

7) Forensic entomology – The crime scene. (5 May 2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIVKISCmjTQAccessed 18 November 2020.

8) Matsuura, C. Forensic Entomology. (24 October 2016). https://venngage.net/p/163926/forensic-entomologyAccessed 19 November 2020.

9) Forensic entomology infographic. Become a CSI. (28 October 2012). http://itsgov.com/forensic-entomology-infographi.html Accessed 18 November 2020.

10) Gupta, A., & Setia, P. (2004). Forensic entomology – Past, present and future. Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 5(1), 50-53. Forensichttp://anilaggrawal.com/ij/vol_005_no_001/pdf/forensic_entomology_special_issue_low_resolution.pdf#page=50.

11) Crime-fighting insects: How to become a forensic entomologist. (Date unknown). https://www.forensicscolleges.com/blog/htb/how-to-become-forensic-entomologist Accessed 19 November 2020.

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Betty the Banded Beetle – Banded and hungry: not only for the truth about insects in produce, but also cucumbers…

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Betty the Banded Beetle – Banded and hungry: not only for the truth about insects in produce, but also cucumbers…

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A banded cucumber beetle specimen (named Betty and playfully referred to as “she”) was found in stock of mint, after being purchased with a cucumber at Basha Foods International in Calgary. This cucumber beetle is the only recorded such specimen in Canada on iNaturalist. The discovery of this pest prompted the question: What do insects tell us about produce quality? This Instagram page, dedicated to Betty, dedicates itself to the pursuit of these questions.
Agriculture Alberta. Backyard Pest Management in Alberta - Pests of Vegetables. (2014). https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/%24Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ipd14865/%24FILE/BackyardPestMgmt_vegetables.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2020 at 11:00am.

Avenue Calgary Magazine. Common Garden Pests in Calgary and How to Deal with Them. (2017). http://www.avenuecalgary.com/shopping-style/common-garden-pests-in-Calgary-and-how-to-deal-with-them/. Accessed November 30, 2020 at 10:30am

Da Costa C.P. and Jones C.M. (1971). Cucumber Beetle Resistance and Mite Susceptibility Controlled by the Bitter Gene in Cucumis sativus L. Science, 3988-1145-1146.https://science.sciencemag.org/content/172/3988/1145.abstract. Accessed November 25, 6:13pm

Gardening Know How. How To Get Rid of Cutworms - Dealing With Cutworm Damage. (2019).https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/insects/get-rid-cutworms.htm. Accessed November 21, 2020 at 10:30am

Hagstrum D.W. and Athanassiou C.G. (2019). Improving Store Product Insect Pest Management: From Theory to Practice. Insects, 10, 332-334. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/10/332/htm. Accessed November 30, 2020 at 9:00am.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Bacterial Wilt of Cucumber. (2020). http://www. missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-spots/bacterial-wilt-of-cucumber.aspx. Accessed November 27, 2020 at 11:04pm
Maryland Grows. It’s Plum Season! But Beware, This Is Not A Plum. (2017). https://www.google.ca/amp/s/marylandgrows.umd.edu/2017/09/25/acornplumgalls/amp/. Accessed November 29, 2020 at 8:20am

Platt R.R., Cuperus G.W., Payton M.E., Bonjour E.L. and Pinkston K.N. (1998). Integrated Pest Management perceptions and practices and insect populations in grocery stores in south-central United States. Journal of Stored Products Research, 34, 1-10. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022474X97000362 Accessed November 24, at 3:30pm

Purdue University - Youth and Entomology. Importance of Insects. (2014). https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/radicalbugs/index.php?page=importance_of_insects. Accessed November 23, 2020 at 3:35pm.

Srivastava, S.K., Babu N. and Pandey H. (2009). Traditional Insect Bioprospecting - As human food and medicine. Niscair Online Periodicals Repository, 1068, 485-494. http://nopr.niscair.res.in./handle/123456789/6263. Accessed November 30, 2020 at 9:44am.

Truly Nolen Canada. Is It Possible to Bring Pests Home From The Grocery Store? (2019). https://www.google.ca/amp/s/www.trulynolen.ca/is-it-possible-brings-pests-home-from-grocery-stores/amp/. Accessed November 27, 2020 at 4:13pm.

Yao C., Zehnder G., Bauske E and Joseph Kloepper. (1996). Relationship Between Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Density and Incidence of Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89, 510-514. https://academic.oup.com/jee/article-abstract/89/2/510/2216464. Accessed November 20, 2020 at 4:00pm.

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Insects are highly nutritious to eat and can be made to taste very good. Eating insects is environmentally friendly and are a way of reducing the effects of climate change. More and more people are jumping on the trend.

https://cisr.ucr.edu/entomophagy-eating-insects

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Monarch Butterly: Why we need to protect them

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Monarch Butterly: Why we need to protect them

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Conservation of Monarch butterflies and the environmental impacts that contributes to its declining population. A quick look into the Monarch’s life cycle, their importance to the environment, how their food source needs protection, and what we can do to help.
1. Zhan, Shuai, Zhang, Wei, Niitepõld, Kristjan, Hsu, Jeremy, Haeger, Juan Fernández, Zalucki, Myron P, Altizer, Sonia, de Roode, Jacobus C, Reppert, Steven M, & Kronforst, Marcus R. (2014). The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration. Nature (London), 514(7522), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13812.

2. Gustafsson, K., Agrawal, A., Lewenstein, B., & Wolf, S. (2015). The Monarch Butterfly through Time and Space: The Social Construction of an Icon. BioScience, 65(6), 612-622. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/90007299.

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This infographic describes what the waggle dance is and how it works. Also, the bee waggle dance is explained in terms of how it indirectly affects humans. Finally, the infographic brings to light the fact that bees are heading towards extinction because of certain reasons and that there are organizations in Canada that help to sustain these bee populations. The names of the organizations are provided for anyone to further look into and hopefully they can support them.

1) Price, R.L. and Grüter C. (2015). Why, when and where did honey bee dance communication evolve? Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00125.

2) Bienentanz GmbH. Bee Dance (Waggle Dance). (2 June 2006). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHgAccessed 22 November 2020.

3) Couvillon, M.J., Phillipps, H.L.F., Schürch, R. and Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2012). Working against gravity: horizontal honeybee waggle runs have greater angular scatter than vertical waggle runs. Biology Letters, 8, 540-543. Doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0182.

4) Arizona State University. Introduction. (2017). https://askabiologist.asu.edu/bee-dance-game/introduction.html Accessed 22 November 2020.

5) Georgia Tech College of Computing. The Waggle Dance of the Honeybee. (2 February 2011). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFDGPgXtK-U Accessed 22 November 2020.

6) Ratnieks, F.L.W. and Shackleton, K. (2015). Does the waggle dance help honey bees to forage at greater distances than expected for their body size? Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00031.

7) Hoover, S.E. and Ovinge, L.P. (2018). Pollen collection, honey production, and pollination services: managing honey bees in an agricultural setting. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111, 1509-1516. Doi: 10.1093/jee/toy125.
8) Healthline. The Top 6 Raw Honey Benefits. (2019). https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/top-raw-honey-benefits#risks Accessed 23 November 2020.

9) The Guardian. Ten things to do to help honeybees. (2008). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/may/13/wildlife.endangeredspecies Accessed 28 November 2020.

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Beebugsmart: The information and conservation of endangered and important insects.

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Beebugsmart: The information and conservation of endangered and important insects.

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This is an Instagram page dedicated to communicating the interesting facts about insects, how they are important in human life, and how to protect insect species that are endangered. This page is designed to target young adults and teenagers that are interested in learning about insects in a new and creative way.
Profile Photo:

1. "Bumblebee Macro. Nikon P100. DSCN9324" by Robert.Pittman is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0

Monarch butterfly:

1."Monarch Butterfly" by docentjoyce is licensed under CC BY 2.0

2. "Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)" by AcrylicArtist is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Midges:

1."Lake Erie midge (aka mufflehead or mucklehead)" by kuddlyteddybear2004 is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0

2."Male Chironomid midge" by Martin Cooper Ipswich is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Bumblebee:

1."bumble bee, my favourites of the pollinators." by island deborah- New Book 'Song of the Sparrow' vig is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

2."bumble bee" by ewokee is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

3."Bumble Bee" by Smudge 9000 is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

4."Male Anthophora plumipes using bee hotel, on sunny wall, to shelter from cold wind" by gailhampshire is licensed under CC BY 2.0

5."Red mason bee (Osmia bicornis) nest cells in a bee hotel, Sandy, Bedfordshire" by orangeaurochs is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Ladybug:

1."Ladybug - Ladybug . . . . ." by docentjoyce is licensed under CC BY 2.0

2."Ladybug beetle (Coccinellidae)" by Ziva_Amir is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
3."Backyard Ladybug #1" by Doundounba is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

Dragonfly:

1."Halloween Banner Dragonfly" by Charles Patrick Ewing is licensed under CC BY 2.0

2."Dragonfly eating Ant" by Clicksy is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Blue Orchard Bee:

1."blue orchard mason bee - osmia_ ribifloris" by naturalflow is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

2."Blue Orchard Bee, Osmia lignaria" by SeabrookeLeckie.com is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Thread Waisted Wasp:

1."Thread-Waisted Wasp" by DanielaC173 is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

2."Thread-waisted Wasp - Ammophila species with caterpillar, Anza Borrego Desert State Park, Borrego Springs, Florida" by Judy Gallagher is licensed under CC BY 2.0

3."Thread-waisted wasp" by LFLamb is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Scorpion Fly:

1."Panorpe ou 'Mouche scorpion' / Common Scorpionfly" by Jean-Jacques Boujot is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

2."Scorpionfly eats meat" by Giant Ginkgo is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Monarch Butterfly:

1. Oberhauser, K.S. and Solensky, M.J. eds. (2004). Monarch butterfly biology & conservation. Cornell university press.

2. Nature Conservatory Canada: Monarch. (2020). View November 20, 2020, https://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/what-we-do/resource-centre/featured-species/insects-and-spiders/monarch.html

Midges:

3. Ferrington, L.C. (2007). Global diversity of non-biting midges (Chironomidae; Insecta-Diptera) in freshwater. In Freshwater animal diversity assessment (pp. 447-455). Springer, Dordrecht.

Bumblebee:

4. Goulson, D., Rayner, P., Dawson, B. and Darvill, B. (2011). Translating research into action; bumblebee conservation as a case study. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(1), pp.3-8.

5. Williams, P.H. and Osborne, J.L. (2009). Bumblebee vulnerability and conservation world-wide. Apidologie, 40(3), pp.367-387.

Ladybug:6. Summers, M. Zoology 435 Lab 7 (Fall 2020). Coleoptera University Of Calgary. https://d2l.ucalgary.ca/d2l/home. Accessed on November 20, 2020.

7. Rutgers University, Rob Forman. (2014) ‘The charming, useful ladybug.’ ScienceDaily. 24 November 2014. Available at https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141124111108.htm.

Dragonfly:

8. Benke, A.C. (1976). Dragonfly production and prey turnover. Ecology, 57(5),

pp.915-927.

9. Van Buskirk, J. (1988). Interactive effects of dragonfly predation in experimental pond communities. Ecology, 69(3), pp.857-867.

Blue Orchard Bee:

10. Nature Conservancy Canada. Blue Orchard Mason Bee. (2020). https://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/what-we-do/resource-centre/featured-species/insects-and-spiders/blue-orchard-mason-bee.html. Accessed 20 Nov 2020.

11.United States Department of Argriculture. Blue Orchard Mason Bee (Osmia lignaria). (2020). https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/mason_bees.shtml. Accessed 20 Nov 2020.

Thread Waisted Wasp:

12. Insect Identification. Common Thread-waisted Wasp (Ammophila procera). (2020).https://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?identification=Common-Thread-Waisted-Wasp  Accessed 22 November 2020

Scorpion flies:

13. Entomology Society of America. Scorpionflies and Caterpillars in Forensic Entomology. (2020).https://www.entsoc.org/press-releases/scorpionflies-and-caterpillars-forensic-entomology. Accessed Nov 20, 2020.

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A fun, simple infographic for anyone interested in pinning insects with little to no previous knowledge of insects! This guide is still comprehensive enough to create a concise insect collection.

References
1) Nishida, G.M. (2009). Museums and display collections. In V.H. Resh & R.T. Carde (Eds.), Encyclopedia

of insects. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology.

2)​ ​Gullan, P. J., & Cranston, P. S. (2014). ​The Insects: An Outline of Entomology​. (5th ed.). ​New York: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated (Chapter 18).

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How to Pin Insects Infographics_Roadhouse_Emily

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A poster providing a brief overview of the qualities, symbiotic relationships and impacts of pine beetles. These factors ultimately connecting to mitigation techniques to control increasing populations.

[1] Alberta. Mountain pine beetle – Overview. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/mountain-pine-beetle- overview.aspx#:~:text=(Heli%2DGPS),Beetle%20facts%20and%20biology,pine%20forests%20in%20North %20America. Accessed 27 November 2020.

[2] Parks Canada. Mountain Pine Beetle. (2019). https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/docs/v-g/dpp-mpb/index. Accessed 27 November 2020.

[3] Image redrawn from: “1935. Page 4. BarkBeetle Enemies of California Forests. Prepared by the USDA Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in cooperation with the State Emergency Relief Administration - Project 3F-2-302 and the Emergency Educational Program. Berkeley, CA." by USDA Forest Service is marked under CC PDM 1.0. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

[4] Raffa, K.F., Grégoire, J.C., Lindgren, B.S. (2014). Natural History and Ecology of Bark Beetles. In Vega, F.E. & Hofstetter, R.W (Eds.), Bark beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species (pp. 1-40) Academic Press.

[5] Government of Canada. Mountain pine beetle. (2020). https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural- resources/forests-forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/top-forest-insects-diseases-cana/mountain- pine-beetle/13381. Accessed 27 November 2020.

[6] Science. When Trees Attack, Fungus Can Parry. (2011). https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/01/when-trees-attack-fungus-can-parry. Accessed 28 November 2020.

[7] Image redrawn from: 2012. “Ascospores in pit mycangium (puncture) of Ips pini” by Mal Furniss is marked under CC PDM 3.0. https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC4553632_insects-03- 00339-g002&query=&it=xg&req=4&simCollection=PMC4553632_insects-03-00339-g002&npos=1

[8] Sustainable Lumber Co. THE BIOLOGY BEHIND BLUE STAIN IN BEETLE KILL PINE. (2014).https://www.sustainablelumberco.com/2014/03/the-biology-behind-blue-stain-in-beetle-kill-pine/. Accessed 21 November 2020.
[9] National Geographic. The Bug That’s Eating the Woods. (2015).

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/04/pine-beetles-forest-destruction-canada- rockies/. Accessed 14 November 2020.

[10] Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., Stinson, G., Rampley, G.J., Neilson, E.T., Carroll, A.L., Ebata, T., Safranyik, L. (2008). Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature, 452, 987–990. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06777.

[11] Alberta. Mountain Pine Beetle Detection and Management in Alberta.

https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/formain15619/$FILE/MPB%20Blue%20Book %20-%20Complete%20Guide%202016.pdf. Accessed 21 November 2020.

[12] Cale, J.A., Ding, R., Wang, F., Rajabzadeh, R. and Erbilgin, N. (2019). Ophiostomatoid fungi can emit the bark beetle pheromone verbenone and other semiochemicals in media amended with various pine chemicals and beetle-released compounds. Fungal Ecology, 39, 285-295.

[13] Adams, A.S., Currie, C.R., Cardoza, Y., Klepzig, K.D., Raffa, K.F. (2009). Effects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39, 1133-1147. https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-034.

[14] Living on Earth. Here Comes the Sound. (26 February 2010). https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=10-P13-00009&segmentID=6. Accessed 14 November 2020.

(All images were drawn by Abbie Paulson)

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Updated Science communication + references

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Information about red lily beetles (Lilioceris lilii) and how to manage them.  

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Information about red lily beetles (Lilioceris lilii) and how to manage them.  

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Red lily beetles (Lilioceris lilii) were first introduced to Canada in the 1940s, and they have been rapidly spreading across Canada. They primarily feed and lay eggs on lilies (Lilium spp.), and fritillaria (Fritillaria spp.). Therefore, the beetles are invasive species, and thus pose great threat to our ecosystem, and significantly impact the productivity of agricultural and ecosystem processes. Their population should be controlled through collective efforts by using insecticides or regularly checking to eliminate them.

[1] The Lily Beetle. (2019). https://www.oldscollege.ca/about/campus/botanic-gardens/central-gardens/taxonomic-collection/the-lily-beetle/index.html Accessed 17 November 2020.

[2] Red lily beetle. (2019). https://www.calgary.ca/csps/parks/planning-and-operations/pest-management/red-lily-beetle.html? Accessed 17 November 2020.

[3] Learn About Lily Beetles Control. (2018). https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/bulbs/lily/lily-leaf-beetle.htm Accessed 17 November 2020.

[4] Lily Leaf Beetle. (2013). https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/fact-sheets/lily-leaf-beetle Accessed 17 November 2020.

[5] Dieni, A., Brodeur, J. & Turgeon, J. (2016). Reconstructing the invasion history of the lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii, in North America. Biol Invasions, 18, 31–44. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1007/s10530-015-0987-z.

[6] What’s so great about native plants?. (2009). https://emswcd.org/native-plants/native-plant-benefits/ Accessed 17 November 2020.

[7] Gardeners on red alert as destructive lily beetle expands its foothold in Edmonton. (2019). https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/red-lily-beetle-garden-edmonton-jim-hole-1.5252134.

[8] Insect of the Week (May 13) - Lily leaf beetle (Lilioceris lilii) and its natural enemy, Tetrastichus setifer. (2019). http://prairiepestmonitoring.blogspot.com/2019/05/insect-of-week-may-13-lily-leaf-beetle.html Accessed 17 November 2020.

[9] Lily Beetles – What You Should Know Before Gardening Season. (2017). https://www.onemanandaladybug.ca/lily-beetles-know-gardening-season/ Accessed 17 November 2020.

[10] Horticulture Tips: Scarlet Lily Beetle. (2017). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuuR4Z8Viao Accessed 17 November 2020.

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Insects are a diverse group of organisms that account for 80% of the  world’s species and yet medicine has focused primarily on the use of  plants. Insects provide a vast amount of biologically active material, and  this is a somewhat scientifically untapped resource. Insects in health and medicine is a topic that is relevant and important, it  allows us to better understand the world around us and help us make  informed choices about prevention and disease.

References
[1] Vector-borne diseases. (2020) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne diseases. Accessed November 20 2020.

[2] Seabrooks, L., & Hu, L. (2017) Insects: an underrepresented resource for the discovery of biologically  active natural products. Acta Pharm Sin B, 7(4): 409-426 doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.05.001 [3] The Scent of Cancer: Detecting cancer with fruit fly’s antenna. (2014)

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140124082702.htm. Accessed November 20 2020

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This piece is a poster that highlights the contributions of insects, specifically Drosophila melanogaster to the field of genetics and developmental biology.

Krumlauf, R. (1994). Hox genes in vertebrate development. Cell, 78, 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90290-9

Gilbert, S.F., & Barresi, M.J.F. (2016). Developmental Biology. (11th ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Inc, (Chapter 9).

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Promotional poster for a comic book series about insect mythology. The cover art for each comic is displayed beside a short description of the comic and myth. Each myth has a different insect and is from a different culture.

References

Cherry, R. (2002). The functions of insects in mythology. American Entomologist, 48(3), 134-136. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/48.3.134.

Namibia Private Safaris | Safe Affordable African Tours. The first bushman / San | Stories from chrigi-in-Africa. (n.d.). https://www.gateway-africa.com/stories/The_First_Bushman_San.html Accessed 14 November 2020.

Greyvenstein, B., Du Plessis, H., & Van den Berg, J. (2020). The charismatic praying mantid: A gateway for insect conservation. African Zoology, 55(1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2020.1732834

Aztec Calendar: Today in the Aztec and Maya Calendar. Itzpapalotl, the obsidian or clawed butterfly. (n.d.). https://www.azteccalendar.com/god/Itzpapalotl.html Accessed 21 November 2020.

Butterfly Insight - Information and Inspiration. The obsidian butterfly - Aztec butterfly legends. (n.d.). https://www.butterflyinsight.com/obsidian-butterfly-black-butterfly-mythology-aztec.html Accessed 21 November 2020.

Photo Credits

"Sphodromantis viridis (African Mantis)" by TheyLookLikeUs is licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

"Stenotritus pubescens, f, side, australia_2014-07-05-12.18.33 ZS PMax" by Sam Droege is

marked under CC PDM 1.0.

"The Water Planet" by NASA Goddard Photo and Video is licensed with CC BY 2.0.

"Water Drops" by Kirt Edblom is licensed with CC BY-SA 2.0.

"Many sunflower seeds" by flickrich is licensed with CC BY-NC 2.0.

"Saturniid Moth, Rothschildia orizaba equatorialis" by In Memoriam: Ecuador Megadiverso is licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

"Orizaba Silkmoth, Rothschildia orizaba, Saturniidae" by In Memoriam: Ecuador Megadiverso is licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

"Eleodes Darkling Beetle" by K Schneider is licensed with CC BY-NC 2.0.

"Pinacate beetle (Eleodes sp.) in Quail Wash" by Joshua Tree National Park is marked under

CC PDM 1.0.

"Sticky Bits - Personal Bar Code" by Jannie-Jan is licensed with CC BY 2.0.

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N_Ganson Science Communication Project Revised

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Let The Wasps Do the Work: Replacing Pesticides with Biocontrol

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Let The Wasps Do the Work: Replacing Pesticides with Biocontrol

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Private pesticide use in Calgary is high, pesticides pose a threat to both ecosystem and human health. Using solitary wasps as biocontrol to target pests is an effective way to increase the health of our gardens by reducing pesticide use. This poster outlines the ecological roles wasp perform and ways to increase wasp biodiversity.

References

[1] Dangers of Pesticides (2011)  https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/the_dangers_of_pesticides/#:~:text=After%20countless%20studies%2C%20pesticides%20have,system%2C%20and%20the%20endocrine%20system. Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[2] Pesticide Toxicity report (2016) https://pub-calgary.escribemeetings.com/filestream.ashx?DocumentId=13198#:~:text=The%20City%20of%20Calgary%20limits,faceted%20approach%20to%20managing%20assets.&text=As%20directed%20by%20Council%20and,its%20Integrated%20Pest%20Management%20Plan. Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[3] Jordan A., Broad G. R., Stigenberg J., Hughes J., Stone J., Bedford I., Penfield S. & Wells R. (2020). The potential of the solpitary parasitoid Mcroctonus brassicae for the biological control of the adult cabbage stem flea beetle, psylliodes chrysocephala, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 168-5 https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/eea.12910

[4] Samurai Wasps Say ‘Smell Ya Later, Stink Bugs’ | Deep Look. (12 Mar 2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8y2XmjdXqw&feature=emb_logo. Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[5] Social Vs Solitary Wasps: their attributes (2018) https://www.trulynolen.ca/social-vs-solitary-wasps-attributes/#:~:text=On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20solitary,family%20belong%20to%20this%20subgroup.&text=Stinging%20solitary%20wasps%20will%20rely,stingers%20for%20defense%20purposes%20only. Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[6] Solitary Wasps 101: The Beewolf and Other Wonders (2019) https://www.earthlife.net/insects/solwasps.html Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[7] Fierce and fascinating solitary wasps (2019) https://sites.tufts.edu/pollinators/2019/08/fierce-and-fascinating-solitary-wasps/ Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[8]  Gardening to attract beneficial wasps. http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/Beneficial%20wasps.html

Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[9] Giving bees a place to live http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/bees/beeshelter.html Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[10] Everybody Hates Wasps and That’s A Microcosm Of The Entire Biodiversity Crisis (2018)

https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelmarshalleurope/2018/09/19/everybody-hates-wasps-and-thats-a-microcosm-of-the-entire-biodiversity-crisis/?sh=547b9eb3d476 Accessed 13 Nov. 2020

[11] Plants That Attract Beneficial Insects (2014) https://www.permaculturenews.org/2014/10/04/plants-attract-beneficial-insects/ Accessed 19 Nov. 2020

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J_Schach Science communication update with references

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An introduction to the order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) through their life history and morphological features. Included is an easy guide to differentiating between dragonflies and damselflies. The importance of odonates is also portrayed from their role in the food chain to being biological indicators. Ways to help dragonflies and damselflies population is also described.

Edmonton & Area Land Trust. Fun Facts: Dragonflies vs. Damselflies. (2019). https://www.ealt.ca/blog/fun-facts-dragonflies-vs-damselflies. Accessed 10 November 2020.

Forest Preserve District of Will County. What’s the difference?: Dragonfly vs. Damselfly. (2019). https://www.reconnectwithnature.org/news-events/the-buzz/what-the- difference-dragonfly-vs-damselfly#:~:text=Damselflies%20are%20smaller%20than %20dragonflies,are%20thin%20like%20a%20twig. Accessed 11 November 2020.

Sciencing. Why are Dragonflies important?. (2018). https://sciencing.com/dragonflies- important-10068965.html. Accessed 10 November 2020.

National Geographic. The secret World of Dragonflies – short film showcase. (17 December 2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edW30jsCy6M&t=603s. Accessed 10 November 2020.

Alberta Parks. Alberta Conservation Information Management System (ACIMS). (2017).

https://www.albertaparks.ca/albertaparksca/management-land-use/alberta-conservation- information-management-system-acims/. Accessed 11 November 2020.

Min, J., & Kong, D. (2020). Distribution patterns of benthic macroinvertebrate communities based on multispatial-scale environmental variables in the river systems of Republic of Korea. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 35, 323-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2020.1815599.

Franke, S., Brandl, R., Heibl, C., Mattivi, A., Müller, J., Pinkert, S., & Thorn, S. (2020). Predicting regional hotspots of phylogenetic diversity across multiple species groups. Diversity and Distributions, 26, 1305-1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13125.

Deep Look. A Baby Dragonfly’s Mouth Will Give You Nightmares – Deep Look. (12 September 2017). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHo_9wnnUTE&t=5s. Accessed 13 November 2020.

9)  Büsse, S., Hörnschemeyer, T., & Gorb, S. N. (2017). The head morphology of Pyrrhosoma nymphula larvae (Odonata: Zygoptera) focusing on functional aspects of the mouthparts. Frontiers in Zoology, 14, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-017-0209-x.

10)  British Dragonfly society. Life Cycle and Biology. (2014). https://british- dragonflies.org.uk/odonata/life-cycle-and-biology/#:~:text=There%20are%20three %20stages%20in,as%20a%20nymph)%20and%20adult. Accessed 18 November 2020.

11)  Foote, L., & Hornung, C. L. R. (2005). Odonates as biological indicators of grazing effects on Canadian prairie wetlands. Ecological Entomology, 30, 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00701.x.

12)  Alberta Government, Parks and Protected Areas Division Alberta Environment. Species inventory of the Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) for the shield inventory project. (2001). https://open.alberta.ca/publications/species-inventory-of-the-order- odonata-for-the-shield-inventory-project#summary. Accessed 18 November 2020.

13)  Walters, C., & Kitchell, J. F. (2001). Cultivation/depensation effects on juvenile survival and recruitment: implication for the theory of fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-58-1-39.

14)  MiracleGro. How to Attract Dragonflies to Your Garden.

https://www.miraclegro.com/en-ca/library/flowers-landscaping/how-attract-dragonflies- your-garden. Accessed 19 November 2020.

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Dipteran flies  are often seen by the general public as pests or disease carriers but they play many important roles in the ecosystem - from nutrient recycling to pollination - and come in some unexpected forms that you have been mistaken for another insect. This trading card set introduces a handful of flies found in Alberta that may be mistaken for other types of insects, thanks to mimicry and/or convergent evolution.

1. Golding, Y.C. & Edmunds, M. (2000). Behavioural mimicry of honeybees (Apis mellifera) by droneflies (Diptera: Syrphidae: Eristalis spp.). Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 267(1446), 903-909. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1088.

2. Penney, H.C., Hassall, C., Skevington, J.H., Lamborn, B., & Sherratt, T.N. The relationship between morphological and behavioral mimicry in hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). American Naturalist, 183(2), 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1086/674612.

3. Bug of the Week. Flies that mimic wasps: Masquerading syrphid fly, Helophilus sp. (2017). http://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2017/10/31/flies-that-mimic-wasps-masquerading-syrphid-fly-ihelophilusi-sp. Accessed 29 November 2020.

4. Moore, C.D. & Hassall, C. (2016). A bee or not a bee: An experimental test of acoustic mimicry by hoverflies. Behavioral Ecology, 27(6), 1767-1774. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arw107.

5.  Entomology & Plant Pathology. Moth Fly, Psychoda sp. (n.d.). http://entoweb.okstate.edu/ddd/insects/mothfly.htm. Accessed 29 November 2020.

6. BugGuide. Family Psychodidae - Moth Flies and Sand Flies. (n.d). https://bugguide.net/node/view/3128. Accessed 29 November 2020.

7. BugGuide. Family Micropezidae - Stilt-legged Flies. (n.d.). https://bugguide.net/node/view/134. Accessed 29 November 2020.

. University of Wisconsin: College of Letters & Science Field Station. Stilt-legged fly. (2019). https://uwm.edu/field-station/stilt-legged-fly/. Accessed 29 November 2020.

9. Bug of the Week. Wasp or Fly? Stilt-Legged Flies, Mimetic Micropezidae. (2019). http://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2019/4/1/wasp-or-fly-stilt-legged-flies-mimetic-micropezidae. Accessed 29 November 2020.

10. School of Biological Sciences @ UT Austin. Convergent Evolution. (n.d.). http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/THOC/Convergence.html. Accessed 29 November 2020.

11. Brisbane Insects and Spiders. Bee Flies - Family Bombyliidae. (n.d.). https://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_robbers/BOMBYLIIDAE.htm. Accessed 30 November 2020.

12. Tree Of Life Web Project. Bombyliidae: Bee Flies. (2004). http://tolweb.org/Bombyliidae. Accessed 30 November 2020.

13. Merritt, R.W., Courtney, G.W. & Keiper, J.B. (2009). Diptera: (Flies, Mosquitoes, Midges, Gnats). In Resh, V.H. & Carde, R.T. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Insects (pp. 284-297). San Diego: Elsevier Science & Technology.

14. Bug of the Week. Ground Nesting Bees Beware of the Bee Fly: Bombyliidae. (2018). http://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2018/5/28/ground-nesting-bees-beware-of-the-bee-fly-bombyliidae. Accessed 30 November 2020.

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The Case of the Misunderstood Fly Trading Cards

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A fun and interactive guide for both children and parents/guardians to use to learn about the 7 major insect orders in Alberta! From fun facts, to word searches, to drawing, it’s sure to keep children engaged. This hands on experiences hopefully lets kids and adults become more comfortable with insects and their many benefits.

1. Resh, V.H., & Carde, R.T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd Ed.). Antennae [online]. Elsevier Science & Technology.

2. Resh, V.H., & Carde, R.T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd Ed.). Anatomy: Head, Thorax, Abdomen, and Genitalia [online]. Elsevier Science & Technology.

3. Resh, V.H., & Carde, R.T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd Ed.). Wings [online]. Elsevier Science & Technology.

4. Summers, M. (2020). ZOOL435 Alberta Insects Visual Guide. University of Calgary.

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Incredible Insects: From the Itty-Bitty to the Inconceivable 

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Incredible Insects: From the Itty-Bitty to the Inconceivable 

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This is a fun ‘Children’s guide to insects’ book targeted for kids ~8-12 years of age. The book is designed to be an educational tool to learn about the insects and the orders that are most common in Alberta. It consists of multiple chances for kids to apply their knowledge and fun activities to encourage learning such as puzzles, coloring and instructions for building your own insect collection.

1)     All About Butterflies. 2020. Cambridge Butterfly Conservatory. https://www.cambridgebutterfly.com/all-about-butterflies/#:~:text=All%20butterflies%20are%20terrestrial%2C%20meaning,tops%20over%206000%20metres%20tall

2)     Animal Facts: Grasshopper. 2006. Canadian Geographic. https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/animal-facts-grasshopper#:~:text=The%20grasshopper%20is%20an%20herbivore,that%20are%20toxic%20to%20cattle

3)     Beetles. Smithsonian. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/beetle#:~:text=Beetles%20are%20of%20value%20to,purchased%20commercially%20for%20this%20purpose

4)     Bedovere C., Farndon J., Parker S., Taylor. B. 2008. Animals: The ultimate guide to the animal kingdom. Silver Dolphin.

5)     Bercha R. Insects of Alberta. http://www.insectsofalberta.com/main.htm

6)     Bryk N. Shellac. 2020. How products are made. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Shellac.html

7)     Checkerspot T. 2016. Importance of butterflies. Wildlife Preservation Canada. https://wildlifepreservation.ca/blog/importance-of-butterflies/#:~:text=Pollinators%20such%20as%20bees%20and,of%20native%20plants%20as%20well

8)     Diptera – Description of order and families in British Columbia. University of British Columbia. https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/bcdiptera/Order%20Diptera%20Text%20Files/family_descriptions.htm#:~:text=Most%20live%20in%20moist%20temperate,the%20leaves%20of%20terrestrial%20plants

9)     Ecological Importance. Harvard Forest. https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/ants/ecological-importance#:~:text=Ants%20play%20an%20important%20role,oxygen%20to%20reach%20plant%20roots.&text=These%20seeds%20often%20sprout%20and,food%20for%20many%20different%20organisms

10)  First-ever look at the intricate way ladybugs fold their wings | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyM-2BkQom8

11)  Insects – The new superfood! CBC Kids. https://www.cbc.ca/kidscbc2/the-feed/insects-the-new-super-food

12)  Ladybird beetle inspired compliant origami and deployable wing module for multi-modal robot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AD4ux8qNeEg

13)  Martin R. 2009. A Kaleidopops Book - Bugs. Silver Dolphin.
1)     May M. 2019. Odonata: Who they are and what they have done for us lately: Classification and ecosystem services of dragonflies. Insects.10(3): 62 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6468591/#:~:text=Although%20not%20considered%20to%20be,predators%20in%20many%20aquatic%20ecosystems

2)     McGhee K., McKay G. 2006. National Geographic Encyclopedia of Animals. National Geographic Children’s Books.

3)     McLaughlin K. 2020. Hemiptera. Discover Life. https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Hemiptera

4)     Merrit R. W., Courtney G. W., Keiper J. B. 2009. Diptera: (Flies, mosquitoes, midges, gnats). Encyclopedia of Insects. 2: 284-297

5)     Onuferko T. 2019. Bees and wasps: providing ecosystem services with a point. Canadian museum of nature blog. https://canadianmuseumofnature.wordpress.com/2019/04/03/wasps-ecosystem-services/#:~:text=They%20include%20more%20than%20100,are%20not%20bees%20or%20ants.&text=Wasps%20are%20essential%20for%20ecosystem,responsible%20for%20increased%20food%20production.&text=After%20hatching%2C%20the%20offspring%20feed%20on%20those%20insects

6)     Schell S. 2016. Large-scale grasshopper infestations on North American rangeland and crops. Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. Pg. 45-51 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123948472000036

7)     Seo H., Lee S. 2017. Bio-inspired colorimetric film based on hygroscopic coloration of longhorn beetles (Tmesisternus isabellae). Scientific reports. 7 (44927) https://www.nature.com/articles/srep44927

8)     Summers MM. (Fall 2020) Zoology 435 – Entomology lecture notes, University of Calgary.

9)     Summers MM. (Fall 2020) Zoology 435 – Lab handouts, University of Calgary

10)  The Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the Columbia Basin, British Columbia. Royal BC Museum. https://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/living-landscapes/cbasin/www_dragon/intro_dragonflies.html#:~:text=The%20Odonata%20is%20a%20small,as%20diverse%20at%20higher%20latitudes

11)  Why butterflies matter. Butterfly Conservation. https://butterfly-conservation.org/butterflies/why-butterflies-matter

12)  Zawila S. 2017. What is the grasshopper’s job? https://animals.mom.com/what-is-the-grasshoppers-job-12566571.html

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Insect pests can be defined as insects that are harmful to humans, cattle, forestry, and agriculture. We as humans have been fighting insect pests since the dawn of time, and throughout history we had developed and discovered new ways to control these pest populations. Biological control is one of these methods to control pest population. With this infographic I wished to explain the different bio control agents, the relationship between pests, diseases and food security, and the consequences of bio control.

1)     Aktar, W., Sengupta, D. & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7

2)     Shelton, A. Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. What is Biological Control? https://biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/what.php Accessed 25 November 2020.

3)     McLeod J. H., McGugan B. M., Coppel H. C. (1962). A Review of the Biological Control Attempts Against Insects and Weeds in Canada. Technical Communication No. 2. Reading, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.

4)     World Bank. The Locust Crisis: The World Bank's Response. (2020).https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/04/27/the-locust-crisis-the-world-banks-response. Accessed 25 November 2020.

5)     WHO. Vector-borne disease. (2020). https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/04/27/the-locust-crisis-the-world-banks-response. Accessed 25 November 2020.

6)     WHO. Malaria. (2020). https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria. Accessed 25 November 2020.

7)     Beltrà, A., Wäckers, F. L., Nedvěd, O. & Pekas, A. (2018). Predation rate and performance of three ladybirds against the green peach aphid Myzus persicae in sweet pepper. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 166,491–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12691

8)     Deveson, T. & Woodman, J. D. (2013). Observations of Scelio fulgidus(Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitism and development in southern NSW during the 2010 Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) locust plague. Austral Entomology 53, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12061

9)     FAO. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts. (2009). http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html. Accessed 25 November 2020

10)  Doube, B. Ecosystem services of dung beetles in Australia. 2018 Basic and Applied Ecology. 26, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.008

11)  Vriesekoop, F. & Shaw, R. The Australian Bush Fly (Musca vetustissima) as a Potential Vector in the Transmission of Foodborne Pathogens at Outdoor Eateries. (2010).  Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7,275–279. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2009.0366

12)  Camacho-Cervantes, M., Ortega-Iturriaga, A. & Del-Val, E. (2017). From effective biocontrol agent to successful invader: the harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) as an example of good ideas that could go wrong. PeerJ 5,1-16. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3296

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An infographic about how cities present a unique habitat for many pollinators.  How are cities different from other habitats, what effect does this have at a larger scale, and what can people do to help these urban pollinators.

[1]Urban Pollinators Project http://www.bristol.ac.uk/biology/research/ecological/community/pollinators/background/

[2] Pollination is better in cities than in the countryside https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200129091438.htm

[3] Pollination https://www.canr.msu.edu/nativeplants/pollination/

[4] Martins, K.T., Gonzalez, A. & Lechowicz, M.J. Patterns of pollinator turnover and increasing diversity associated with urban habitats. Urban Ecosyst 20, 1359–1371 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-017-0688-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-017-0688-8

[5] Hall, D.M., Camilo, G.R., Tonietto, R.K., Ollerton, J., Ahrné, K., Arduser, M., Ascher, J.S., Baldock, K.C.R., Fowler, R., Frankie, G., Goulson, D., Gunnarsson, B., Hanley, M.E., Jackson, J.I., Langellotto, G., Lowenstein, D., Minor, E.S., Philpott, S.M., Potts, S.G., Sirohi, M.H., Spevak, E.M., Stone, G.N. and Threlfall, C.G. (2017), The city as a refuge for insect pollinators. Conservation Biology, 31: 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12840 https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cobi.12840

[6] Theodorou, P., Radzevičiūtė, R., Lentendu, G. et al. Urban areas as hotspots for bees and pollination but not a panacea for all insects. Nat Commun 11, 576 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14496-6 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14496-6

[7] Baldock , K. C. R, at al. (2015) Where is the UK’s pollinator biodiversity? The importance of urban areas for flower-visiting insects. Proc. R. Soc. B.28220142849. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2849 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2014.2849#d3e1796

All images taken by author, Madeline Watts

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We’ve seen all the buzzing insects flying around during the summer on our flowers and plants, but how much do we really know about wasps and bees? This instant meeting is designed to give girls at the Girl Guide or Pathfinder level a brief introduction to bees, pollinators, and the importance of conserving them for our future. The meeting is designed with the time frame to either last for two full 1 hr meetings or with different activities selected for a single meeting- either online or in person.

[1] Pollinator Partnership. About Pollinators (2018) https://www.pollinator.org/pollinators. Accessed 13 October 2020.

[2] State Botanical Garden or Georgia. What is a pollinator? Who can be a pollinator? (2016) https://botgarden.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/c2ppollinator.pdf. Accessed 19 November 2020.

[3] Luca PAD., Vallejo-Marin M. (2013) What’s the ‘buzz’ about? The ecology and evolutionary significance of buzz-pollination. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 16(4), 429-435.

[4] Bug Guide. Aculeata-Ants, Bees and Stinging wasps (2019) https://bugguide.net/node/view/117315. Accessed 25September 2020.

[5] Summers MM (2020) Alberta Hymenoptera: Visual Guide to Common Families. University of Calgary.

[6] R. Bercha. Insects of Alberta- Bumble Bees. http://www.insectsofalberta.com/bumble-bees.htm. Accessed 25 September 2020.

[7] Megan Evans. Bumble Bees or Southern Alberta (2017) https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm13779/$FILE/bombus_guide.pdf. Accessed 25 September 2020.

[8] Kirk S. (2018) Bombus Moderatus: Not all bumblebee populations are in decline. https://calgaryjournal.ca/2018/02/13/bombus-moderatus-not-all-bumblebee-populations-are-in-decline/. Accessed 25 September 2020.

[9] Bumblebee/Pollinator Watch. A White-tailed Bumblebee in Canada (2011) http://bumblebeewatch.blogspot.com/2011/03/white-tailed-bumblebee-in-canada.html. Accessed 25 September 2020.

[10] Arizona State University. The way of the waggle dance (version 1.2)  https://askabiologist.asu.edu/bee-dance-game/introduction.html. Accessed 18 November 2020.

[11] Schürch, R., Couvillon, M. J., Beekman, M., eds. (2016). Ballroom Biology: Recent Insights into Honey Bee Waggle Dance Communications. Lausanne: Frontiers Media. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88919-765-1.

[12] Thomann M, Imbert E, Devaux C, Cheptou PO (2013) Flowering plants under global pollinator decline. Trends in Plant Science. 18(7), 353-359.

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A photo book illustrating a few of the insects a student caught in Alberta during Zoology 435 at the University of Calgary in 2020.

1. Bixler, G.D., Theiss, A., Bhushan, B., Lee, S.C. (2014) Anti-fouling properties of microstructured surfaces bio-inspired by rice leaves and butterfly wings. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 419, 114-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.019.

2. Cabbage White Butterfly. Our Breathing Planet. (2020). https://www.ourbreathingplanet.com/cabbage-white-butterfly/ Accessed 21 November 2020.

3. Clouded Sulphur Butterfly. Our Breathing Planet. (2020). https://www.ourbreathingplanet.com/clouded-sulphur/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAkuP9BRCkARIsAKGLE8V1xN5j5ZPtulGuFGEFnoFcPJXAQEeYYxbFaiSVkw-vhBQNUSpRkfMaAgKpEALw_wcB  Accessed 21 November 2020.

4. Common Wood Nymph. Missouri Department of Conservation. (unknown). https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-wood-nymph Accessed 23 November 2020.

5. Flower wasps. Australian Museum. (2019). https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/flower-wasps/ Accessed 16 November 2020.

6. Genus Ophion. BugGuide. (2020). https://bugguide.net/node/view/4866#:~:text=A%20name%20from%20Greek%20mythology,world%20(Encyclopedia%20of%20Life).&text=From%20%22The%20Audubon%20Society%20Field,long%2C%20compressed%20on%20the%20sidesAccessed 16 November 2020.

7. Goulson, D. (2009). Competition and niche differentiation in bumblebee communities. Bumblebees: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 151-159). ProQuest Ebook Central.

8. List of plants in the family Brassicaceae. Britannica. (2020). https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-plants-in-the-family-Brassicaceae-2004620 Accessed. 23 November 2020.

9. Schwarzfeld, M., & Sperling, F. (2008). Gatekeepers of the forest: the ichneumonids of EMEND. Department of Renewable Resources – University of Alberta. EMEND Insights #2, 1-6.

10. Species Dolichovespula arenaria – Common Aerial Yellowjacket. (2020). https://bugguide.net/node/view/12983 Accessed 16 November 2020.

11. Species Scoliopteryx libatrix – The Herald – Hodges#8555. Bug Guide. (2016). https://bugguide.net/node/view/9243 Accessed 16 November 2020.

12. The Buzz About Native Bees. Alberta Wilderness Association. (2020). https://albertawilderness.ca/the-buzz-about-native-bees/ Accessed 18 November 2020.

13. The Woodland Skipper. Master Gardeners Association of BC. (2012). https://www.mgabc.org/content/woodland-skipper Accessed 23 November 2020.

14. White Underwing Moth. NatureNorth. (unknown). http://www.naturenorth.com/fall/underwing/uwingF2.html Accessed 21 November 2020.

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Blog posts: A) Are butterflies psychic?; B) Are ladybugs just tiny bears? C) Bumblebees are rule-breakers

A fun insect blog for members of the general public high-school aged and up, showcasing some of the interesting adaptations of well-liked insects and recent research regarding the effects of climate change on their physical attributes or behaviour and associated threats. Website was created with Wix.com, a free website creation site with which I am not affiliated.

A) Are butterflies psychic?

1. Nielsen, M.E., & Kingsolver, J. G. (2020). Compensating for climate change-induced cue-environment mismatches: evidence for contemporary evolution of a photoperiodic reaction norm in Colias butterflies. Ecology Letters, 23: 1129-1136. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/ele.13515

2. Rosa, E., & Saastamoinen, M. (2020). Beyond thermal melanism: association of wing melanism with fitness and flight behaviour in a butterfly. Animal Behaviour, 167: 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.07.015

B) Are ladybugs just tiny bears?

1. Seago, A. E., Giorgi, J.A., Li, J., & Slipinski, A. (2011). Phylogeny, classification and evolution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) based on simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 60(1): 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.015

2. Brakefield, P.M., & de Jong, P. W. (2011). A steep cline in ladybird melanism has decayed over 25 years: a genetic response to climate change? Heredity, 107(6): 574-578. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1038/hdy.2011.49

3. Magro, A., Lecompte, E., Hemptinne, J.L., Soares, A.O., Dutrillaux, A.M., Murienne, J., Fursch, H., & Dutrillaux, B. (2020). First case of parthenogenesis in ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) suggests new mechanisms for the evolution of asexual reproduction. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 58(1), 194-208. https://doi- org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/jzs.12339
4. Sloggett, J.J., & Majerus, M.E.N. (2003). Aphid-mediated coexistence of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the wood ant Formica rufa: seasonal effects, interspecific variability and the evolution of a coccinellid myrmecophile. Oikos, 89(2): 345-359. https://doi- org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890216.x

C) Bumblebees are rule-breakers
1. Ayasse, M., & Jarau, S. (2014). Chemical ecology of bumble bees. Annual Review of Entomology, 59:

299-319. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161949

2. Gerard, M., Martinet, B., Maebe, K., Marshall, L., Smagghe, G., Vereecken, N. J., Vray, S., Rasmont, P., & Michez, D. (2019). Shift in size of bumblebee queens over the last century. Global Change Biololgy, 26(3) 1185-1195. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/gcb.14890

3. Vaughan, A. (2020). Global warming raises risk of bumblebee extinctions. New Scientist, 242(3269): 18. 4. Kudo, G & Ida, T. Y. (2013). Early onset of spring increases the phenological mismatch between plants

and pollinators. Ecology, 94(10): 2311-2320. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-2003.1.

5. Liczner, A.R. & Colla, S. R. (2020). One-size does not fit all: at risk bumblebee habitat management requires species-specific local and landscape considerations. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 13(6): 558-570. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/icad.12419.

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Insects have an awful reputation. And why shouldn't they? There are mosquitos that suck your blood and transmit malaria, parasites that make your clean scalp or your pet dog a bed-and-breakfast, or termites that destroy your home. But are all insects terrible?

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This is an Instagram account showing high-quality pictures of individual insect specimens found within Alberta in order to detail the beauty and complexities of Albertan insects. Posts also contain information about the specimen’s species/genus/family such as how the insect contributes to people living in Alberta, how the insect interacts with the ecosystem, how people can contribute to this insect, etc. The goal is to present insects in a way that people can value them with a push towards moving people from instrumental valuation to relational valuation. Story highlights help with building relational valuation by giving easy ways a person may be able to identify different insects while out and about which can build up relationships to the natural world and insects within it. The main pillar of this account is that connection=protection.

Barua, M., Gurdak, D.J., Ahmed, R.A. & Tamuly, J. (2012) Selecting flagships for invertebrate conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21, 1457–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0257-7

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Video with narration that depicts the study of aviation, focussing on insect flight, specifically the unique

mechanisms of dragonflies and how they are applied at a human scale.

Sane, S. P. (2003). The aerodynamics of insect flight. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(23), 4191– 4208. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00663.

Sun J. & Bhushan B. (2012). The structure and mechanical properties of dragonfly wings and their role on flyability. Comptes Rendus Mecanique, 340(1-2), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2011.11.003.

See How It Flies. Airfoils and Airflow. (1996). http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/airfoils.html Accessed 17 November 2020.

Smarter Every Day. Dragonfly Wings in Slow Motion. (21 May 2013). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxrLYv0QXa4 Accessed 17 November 2020.

RoboticsTomorrow. Festo’s BionicOpter Mechanical Dragonfly. (2013).

https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/article/2013/04/festos-bionicopter-mechanical-dragonfly/150/

Accessed 17 November 2020.

Physics. Flying Insects and Their Robot Imitators. (2020). https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/60 Accessed 17 November 2020.

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While the connection between the diverse array of necrophilous insects and human corpses is apparent to most people, the application of insect evidence to criminal investigations is not. This video shares the first known case of forensic entomology and explains how the developmental rates of flies can be used to estimate post-mortem intervals. It also mentions how a decomposing body serves as a microhabitat with different groups of organisms arriving at different times and carrying out various activities such as laying eggs, feeding on decomposing matter and preying on other insects.

1. Lee Goff, M. (2000). A Fly for the Prosecution: How Insect Evidence Helps Solve Crimes. (1st ed.). Harvard University Press.

2. Magni, P., Guercini, S., Leighton, A., & Dadour, I. (2013). Forensic entomologists: An evaluation of their status. Journal of Insect Evidence, 13, 78. http://doi.org/10.1673/031.013.7801.

3. Lord, W. D., & Rodriguez, W. C. (1989). Forensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in the Investigation of Homicide and Untimely Death. Prosecutor, 22, 41-48.

4. Simon Fraser University. Forensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in Death Investigations. https://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/forensicentomology.htm/ Accessed 22 November 2020.

5. ScholarshipsCanada. Forensic Scientist. https://www.scholarshipscanada.com/Careers/Interview.aspx?InterviewID=61/ Accessed 22 November 2020.

6. abcNews. 48 Years Later, Bugs Clear Convicted Murderer. (2007). https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/story?id=3769512&page=1/ Accessed 22 November 2020.

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In this episode, Nancy and Sarah delve into the unique lives of cicadas. What are cicadas? What do they do? What uses do they have? Learn the answers to all these questions and more!

1. “Noisy Cicadas Are Widely Misunderstood”. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/noisy-cicadas-are-widely-misunderstood/

2. Karban, Richard. “Transient Habitats Limit Development Time for Periodical Cicadas.” Ecology, vol. 95, no. 1, 2014, pp. 3–8. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23597263. Accessed 19 Nov. 2020.

3. “Cicadas Are Delightful Weirdos You Should Learn to Love.” Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-are-cicadas-180975009/

4. “Cicada Recipes: Bugs Are Low-Carb, Gluten-Free Food” National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/5/130515-cicadas-recipes-food-cooking-bugs-nation-animals/

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Did you know that bumblebees can learn to play fetch or that alfalfa leaf cutting bees keep ice-cream stocked up in our fridge? Native bees like bumblebees and leaf cutting bees are important for our crop production as well as keeping our wild places healthy. Come learn about the amazing lives of these critters and what they do for us humans on our podcast!

Loukola, O.J., Perry, C.J., Coscos, L., & Chittka, L. (2017). Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior. Science, 355, 833-836.

Fischman, B.J., Pitts-Singer, T.L., & Robinson, G.E. (2017). Nutritional Regulation of Phenotypic Plasticity in a Solitary Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 46, 1070-1079.

Reilly, J.R., Artz, D.R., Biddinger, D., Bobiwash, K., Boyle, N.K., Brittain, C., Brokaw, J., Campbell, J.W., Daniels, J., Elle, E.,  Ellis, J.D.,  Fleischer, S.J., Gibbs, J., Gillespie, R.L.,  Gundersen, K.B.,  Gut, L., Hoffman, G., Joshi, N., Lundin, O., Mason, K., McGrady, C.M., Peterson, S.S., Pitts-Singer, T.L., Rao, S., Rothwell, N., Rowe, L., Ward, K.L., Williams, N.M., Wilson, J.K., Isaacs, R., & Winfree, R. (2020). Crop production in the USA is frequently limited by a lack of pollinators. Proc. R. Soc. B, 287.

Wilson, E.S., Murphy, C.E., Rinehart, J.P., Yocum, G., & Bowsher, J.H. (2020). Microclimate Temperatures Impact Nesting Preference in Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 49, 296-303.

COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Gypsy Cuckoo Bumble Bee Bombus bohemicus in Canada (2014). https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Gypsy%20Cuckoo%20Bumble%20Bee_2014_e.pdf/accessed 23 Nov 2020.

Alfalfa Pollinators with Special Reference to Species Other than Honey Bees. (1958). https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=piru_pubs/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.
Designing a bee-friendly campus. (2018). https://www.mtroyal.ca/AboutMountRoyal/MediaRoom/Newsroom/bee-friendly-campus.htm/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

This Bee Gets Punched by Flowers For Your Ice Cream | Deep Look. (10 Sep 2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsUNxvXofgo&feature=youtu.be/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

Watch This Bee Build Her Bee-jeweled Nest | Deep Look. (7 Aug 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPbH1YhsdP8/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

The Buzz about Native Bees. (2020). https://albertawilderness.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Buzz-About-Bees-1.pdf/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

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Did you know that bumblebees can learn to play fetch or that alfalfa leaf cutting bees keep ice-cream stocked up in our fridge? Native bees like bumblebees and leaf cutting bees are important for our crop production as well as keeping our wild places healthy. Come learn about the amazing lives of these critters and what they do for us humans on our podcast!

Loukola, O.J., Perry, C.J., Coscos, L., & Chittka, L. (2017). Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior. Science, 355, 833-836.

Fischman, B.J., Pitts-Singer, T.L., & Robinson, G.E. (2017). Nutritional Regulation of Phenotypic Plasticity in a Solitary Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 46, 1070-1079.

Reilly, J.R., Artz, D.R., Biddinger, D., Bobiwash, K., Boyle, N.K., Brittain, C., Brokaw, J., Campbell, J.W., Daniels, J., Elle, E.,  Ellis, J.D.,  Fleischer, S.J., Gibbs, J., Gillespie, R.L.,  Gundersen, K.B.,  Gut, L., Hoffman, G., Joshi, N., Lundin, O., Mason, K., McGrady, C.M., Peterson, S.S., Pitts-Singer, T.L., Rao, S., Rothwell, N., Rowe, L., Ward, K.L., Williams, N.M., Wilson, J.K., Isaacs, R., & Winfree, R. (2020). Crop production in the USA is frequently limited by a lack of pollinators. Proc. R. Soc. B, 287.

Wilson, E.S., Murphy, C.E., Rinehart, J.P., Yocum, G., & Bowsher, J.H. (2020). Microclimate Temperatures Impact Nesting Preference in Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 49, 296-303.

COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Gypsy Cuckoo Bumble Bee Bombus bohemicus in Canada (2014). https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Gypsy%20Cuckoo%20Bumble%20Bee_2014_e.pdf/accessed 23 Nov 2020.

Alfalfa Pollinators with Special Reference to Species Other than Honey Bees. (1958). https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=piru_pubs/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.
Designing a bee-friendly campus. (2018). https://www.mtroyal.ca/AboutMountRoyal/MediaRoom/Newsroom/bee-friendly-campus.htm/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

This Bee Gets Punched by Flowers For Your Ice Cream | Deep Look. (10 Sep 2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsUNxvXofgo&feature=youtu.be/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

Watch This Bee Build Her Bee-jeweled Nest | Deep Look. (7 Aug 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPbH1YhsdP8/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

The Buzz about Native Bees. (2020). https://albertawilderness.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Buzz-About-Bees-1.pdf/ accessed 23 Nov 2020.

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The Importance of Odonata on Albertan Ecosystems

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The Importance of Odonata on Albertan Ecosystems

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An overview of the importance of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) on local Albertan

communities. Exploring the specific roles Odonata plays in urban and wild habitats, and how human actions have affected their populations. Additionally, take a look on how individuals can

create a positive impact by contributing to ecosystem conservation in their own backyards as well as on community scales.

Corbet, P. (1993). Are Odonata useful as bioindicators?. Libellula, 12, 91-102Cotnam, H. Salty dragonflies mean more mosquitoes, researchers find. (2020).https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/road-salt-environmental-impact-run-off-dragonflies-mosquitoes-1.5435761 Accessed 13 November 2020Herring, J. Local dragonfly swarms may not mean population increase, says bug scientist.(2019). https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/dragonflies-swarm-city-of-edmontonAccessed 13 November 2020.Lee Foote, A., & Rice Hornug C.L. (2005). Odonates as biological indicators of grazing effects onCanadian prairie wetlands. Ecological Entomology, 30, 247-357https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00701.xMay, M.L. (2019). Odonata: Who They Are and What They Have Done for Us Lately:Classification and Ecosystem Services of Dragonflies. insects, 10(3), 62.https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10030062Mazzacano, C., D. Paulson, and J. Abbott. (2014). Backyard Ponds: Guidelines for Creating andManaging Habitat for Dragonflies and Damselflies. (pp. 22). Portland, OR. Migratory DragonflyPartnershipMiguel, T. B., Oliveira-Junior, J. M., Ligeiro, R., & Juen, L. (2017). Odonata (Insecta) as a tool forthe biomonitoring of environmental quality. Ecological Indicators, 81, 555-566.doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.0101

Nagy, H. B., László, Z., Szabó, F., Szőcs, L., Dévai, G., &amp; Tóthmérész, B. (2019). Landscape

scale terrestrial factors are also vital in shaping Odonata diversity of watercourses. Scientific

Reports, 9 doi:10.1101/724476

Oliverira-Junior, J. M., Ligeio, R., & June, L. (2017). Odonata (Insecta) as a tool for the biomonitoring of environmental quality. Ecological Indicators, 81, 555-566

Perron, M. A., & Pick, F. R. (2019). Stormwater ponds as habitat for Odonata in urban areas: The

importance of obligate wetland plant species. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29(3), 913-931.

doi:10.1007/s10531-019-01917-2

Sekar S. Why Female Dragonflies go to Extreme Lengths to Avoid 🤬. (2017).

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/death-dragonflies-switzerland-mating-se

x/#close Accessed 13 November 2020.

Villalobos-Jimenez, G., Dunn, A., & Hassall, C. (2016). Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) in urban ecosystems: A review. European Journal of Entomology, 113, 217-232

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Science Me Up, with Zeyad ElKhair: Insect Pests!

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Science Me Up, with Zeyad ElKhair: Insect Pests!

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Science Me Up is a podcast that talks about topics in science that affect us in an almost day to day basis by interviewing experts in their field of specialization. Today, Zeyad introduced us to the impact of insect pests and interviews Dr. Ghanduri, an entomologist (insect specialist) who specializes in insect pests.

Hodgdon, E. A., Hallett, R. H., Heal, J. D., Swan, A. E. M., & Chen Y. H. (2020). Synthetic pheromone exposure increases calling and reduces subsequent mating in female Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Pest Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6054

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Alberta As We Know it Would Not Exist Without Insects

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Alberta As We Know it Would Not Exist Without Insects

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A huge part of the Alberta economy and culture is dependent on its Agricultural sector. Surprise! Without insects that pollinate our crops and take care of pests our agriculture would not be half as successful as it is today. This podcast explains how insects help with these things and explains the widespread effects of their help on all of us here in Alberta.

References (at minimum one primary article or book chapter):

1) Alberta Alis. Industry Profiles: Agriculture. (n.d.). https://alis.alberta.ca/occinfo/industry-profiles/agriculture/ Accessed 22 18 November 2020.

2) Alberta. Highlights of the Alberta Economy. (2017). https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/10989a51-f3c2-4dcb-ac0f-f07ad88f9b3b/resource/513eef5f-aa53-4cde-888d-8e52822b6db4/download/sp-eh-highlightsabeconomypresentation.pdf Accessed 22 November 2020.

3) Calgary Stampede. Chapter One: The Early Years 1886-1912. (2019). https://www.calgarystampede.com/heritage/history/the-early-years Accessed 22 November 2020.

4) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (2014). Native pollinators and agriculture in Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, (Introduction).

5) Sutter, L., & Albrecht, M. (2016). Synergistic interactions of ecosystem services: florivorous pest control boosts crop yield increase through insect pollination. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 283, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2529.

6)  Canadian Wildlife Federation. Explore our pollinators. (n.d.). https://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/explore-our-pollinators.html  Accessed 21 November 2020.

7) Alberta Farmers Express. Wild pollinators earn their keep on the farm. (2015). https://www.albertafarmexpress.ca/crops/wild-pollinators-earn-their-keep-on-the-farm/ Accessed 20 November 2020.

8) This vibrating bumblebee unlocks a flower’s hidden treasure. Deep Look. (19 July 2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZrTndD1H10&feature=emb_title Accessed 22 November 2020.

9) Watch this bee build her bee-jeweled nest. Deep Look. (7 August. 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPbH1YhsdP8&feature=emb_title Accessed 22 November 2020.

10) Zakon, H. H. (2016). Electric fields of flowers stimulate the sensory hairs of bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 7020-7021. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607426113.

11) Agri-Facts: Practical Information for Alberta’s Agricultural Industry. Natural enemies of field crop insect pests in Alberta. (2000). https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/da25a50d-a5d8-448d-8c31-1d247b27969a/resource/1662a06e-67fc-4cf0-99e1-4e9e7ddfed06/download/2000-620-3.pdf Accessed 21 November 2020.

12) National Geographic. 100 million years of decorating yourself in junk. (2016). https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2016/06/24/100-million-years-of-decorating-yourself-in-junk/ Accessed 22 November 2020.

13) Nicholls, C. I., & Altieri, M. A. (2012). Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0092-y.

14) Canadian Wildlife Federation. Help pollinators. (n.d.). https://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/DIY/at-home/help-pollinators.html?gclid=CjwKCAiAtej9BRAvEiwA0UAWXhxCBgndpXwlOWF2Aquw9TkQGjr4ut9gOwXSKFCogz0ikU6VerIZTBoCvuMQAvD_BwE

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Although insects tend to have relatively small physical statures when compared to humans, they have massive impacts and implications on our lives. However, they are often overlooked and ignored. Low interest in the general public are often due to superficial reasons such as outer appearance. Three beneficial roles insects play in human societies are explored in this podcast to encourage better understanding and awareness of why we should care about insects. Topics involved are consumption of insects as food source alternative; as model organism in scientific research; and as pollinators. As well as Albertans effort in supporting pollinators (bee) population thrive.

1) Ratcliffe B. (2007). A Remarkable New Species of Megaceras from Peru (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Oryctini). The “Dim Effect”: Nature Mimicking Art.The Coleopterists Bulletin, 61, 463-467.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232681156_A_Remarkable_New_Species_of_Megaceras_from_ Peru_Scarabaeidae_Dynastinae_Oryctini_The_Dim_Effect_Nature_Mimicking_Art Accessed 21 November 2020.

2) Ensia. Can insects feed a hungry planet? (2014). https://ensia.com/infographics/can-insects-feed-a- hungry-planet/ Accessed 21 November 2020.
3) Kourimska L. and Adamkova A. (2016). Nutritional and sensory quality of edible insects. NFS Journal 4, 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2016.07.001

4) Nüsslein-Volhard, C., Wieschaus, E. (1980) Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature 287, 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1038/287795a0
5) iBiology Science Stories. Eric Wieschaus (Princeton/HHMI): Finding genes that Control Development. (2011). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FooMfVazCXM&feature=youtu.be&t=5m Accessed 21 November 2020.
6) Tabin, C., Laufer, E. (1993). Hox genes and serial homology. Nature 361, 692–693. https://doi.org/10.1038/361692a0
7) An interview with Cliff Tabin. (2008). Nat Rev Genet 9, 420 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2863
8) Stuff You Should Know. Short Stuff: Fruit Flies, Why? (4 November 2020). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0w3kBXlIHF8 Accessed 21 November 2020.
9) Edmonton & Area Land Trust. Protecting Pollinators (2016).https://www.ealt.ca/protecting-pollinators Accessed 21 November 2020.
10) Edmonton Journal. Building bee hotels helps pollinators and humans. (2016). https://edmontonjournal.com/life/building-bee-hotels-helps-pollinators-and-humans

Accessed 21 November 2020.

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Buggin' Out - Episode 1: Fly for Vice President 2020

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Buggin' Out - Episode 1: Fly for Vice President 2020

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Did the fly win the Vice-Presidential Debate? In this pilot episode of

Buggin’ Out, Geeta and Michael explore the vitality of flies and their

impacts on humans. They explore imperative processes of pollination,

especially in chocolate production, more macabre subjects such as

forensics to more promising ideas like health research, all of which are

dependent on flies. In future episodes, the hosts hope to explore more insect orders and their influences on everyday living!

Catts, E. P., &amp; Goff, M. L. (1992). Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigations. Annual Review of Entomology, 37(1), 253-272.doi:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001345

Courtney, G. W., &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2015). Order Diptera. Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates, 1043-1058. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00040-1

Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Moffatt, L., Sverdrup-Thygeson, T., &amp; Sverdrup-Thygeson, A. (2019). Chapter 4 Insects and Plants - A never ending race. In Buzz,

sting, bite: Why we need insects. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster

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Infographic that provides with information about pollinators, such as types of pollinators, the importance of pollinators for human prosperity and ideas on how to help to conserve pollinators.

References
Berenbaum, M. (2010). “Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America,” in Status of Pollinators in North America, Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press.

Ostiguy, N. (2011). Pests and Pollinators. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):3

Van der Sluijs, J.P., Vaage, N, S. (2006). Pollinators and global food security: the Need for Holistic Global Stewardship. Food ethics 1, 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-016-0003-z

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This infographic intends to provide information on the decline of bees to the general public. Included is information on what a bee is, the bees in Alberta, why bee populations are in decline, what were to happen if we lost bees, and how the public can help tackle such a large task from home. If the decline in pee population were to continue there will be a direct impact on our food supply, and the economy.

[1] Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botias, C., & Rotheray, E. L. (2015). Bee declines driven bycombined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science (American Associationfor the Advancement of Science), 347, 1255957–1255957.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255957[2] A world without bees. History. (7 June 2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7X1xIIyZw3M&t=1s. Accessed 21 November 2020.[3] Summers MM (2020) Zoology 435 – Entomology laboratory exercises, Lab 8 Hymenoptera.University of Calgary.[4] The Amazing World of Bees. Animalogic. (3 January 2017).https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3oMN1a_pdg. Accessed 21 November 2020.[5] Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Kohli, R. K., & Kaur, S. (2008). Eucalyptus essential oil as anatural pesticide. Forest ecology and management, 256(12), 2166-2174.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.008[6] Gardening Channel. Bee friendly natural pesticides that wont harm pollinators. (2020).https://www.gardeningchannel.com/bee-friendly-garden-pest-control/ Accessed 21 November 2020.

[7] What If All The Bees In The World Disappeared?. The Friendly Brain. (17 June 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c963NhkfNY0. Accessed 21 November 2020.

[8] What Happens If All The Bees Die?. AsapScience. (25 March 2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JilYBVrFiLA. Accessed 21 November 2020.

[9] The Bee Conservancy. 10 Ways to save the bees. https://thebeeconservancy.org/10-ways-to-save-the-bees/. Accessed 21 November 2020.

[10] Pollinator. 7 Ways to help pollinators. https://www.pollinator.org/7things?

gclid=CjwKCAiA7939BRBMEiwA-

hX5J0nJ9SM_Yp1UjhmDyISIBVbuBZl7BOhvR0Fekr6Xy27IfcW4n9_2BoCMlcQAvD_BwE. Accessed 21 November 2020

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Insect Innovation: How Insects are Sparking a New Age of Technology

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Insect Innovation: How Insects are Sparking a New Age of Technology

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An infographic that discusses the idea of learning from insects and displays several technologies inspired by insects that improve on old technologies and help create new ones. These technologies range from new synthetic materials to the design of robots and the improvement of hypodermic needles. Most technologies shown serve to improve quality of life and refine current technologies.

1. Be Amazed. Amazing Technologies Inspired by Nature (23 April 2017). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5i_QJyL3mI​ Accessed 21 November 2020.

2. Origins Explained. AMAZING Inventions Inspired by Insects! (7 July 2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2olJcagpIw​ Accessed 20 November 2020.

3. Discover Magazine. 4 New Technologies That Use Insects for Inspiration. (2013)

https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/4-new-technologies-that-use-insects-for-inspiration

Accessed 20 November 2020.
4. Qin, G. Hu, X., Cebe, P., and Kaplan, D.L. (2012). Mechanism of resilin elasticity. ​Nature

Communications,​ ​3. h​ ttps://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2004

5. Sun, J. and Scharf, M.E. (2010). Exploring and integrating cellulolytic systems of insects to advance biofuel technology. ​Insect Science, 17 1​ 63-165. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01348.x

6. Shyy, W., Lian, Y., Chimakurthi, S.K., Tang, J., Cesnik, C.E.S., Stanford, B., and Ifju, P.G. (2009). Flexible Wings and Fluid-Structure Interactions for Micro-Air Vehicles. In Floreano, D., Zufferey, J., Srinivasan, M.V., and Ellington, C. (Eds.), ​Flying Insects and Robots​ (pp. 143-157) Berlin: Springer.

7. Nature Publishing Group (2017). Technology: Insects inspire crash-proof drone. ​Nature, 543, ​153.http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1038/543153a
8. Interesting Engineering. Bug Life: These 5 Robots Were Inspired by Insects. (2018) https://interestingengineering.com/bug-life-these-5-robots-were-inspired-by-insects​ Accessed 20 November 2020.

9. ​The president and fellows of harvard college: First in flight: RoboBee powered by soft muscles. 2019. News Bites - Private Companies;. https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/docview/2342444429?accountid=9838&rfr_id=info %3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo

10. Anderson, M. (2015). “RoboBee” research go swimmingly at Harvard. ​Manufacturing Engineering​, 155​, 36-37.https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/docview/1750978049/fulltextPDF/866646F1CBCC4 2DBPQ/1?accountid=9838

11. Thryft, A.R. (2013). RoboBee finally takes off: An engineering team at Harvard University’s Microrobotics Lab has completed the maiden flight of its tiny RoboBee robot. ​Design News​, ​68​, 32-33. https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/ps/i.do?p=PPVC&u=ucalgary&id=GALE%7CA368849439&v= 2.1&it=r

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Insects in Medicine & Veterinary Medicine

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Insects in Medicine & Veterinary Medicine

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An infographic describing the differences between our native bumble bees and the invasive honey bees. Honey bees and bumble bees have different morphologies and behaviour so they have different benefits to agricultural crops and wild flowers.

. Bumblebee Conservation Trust. The differences between bumblebees and honeybees. (2020). https://www.bumblebeeconservation.org/bee-faqs/honeybees-vs-bumblebees/ Accessed 23 November 2020.

2. Student Conservation Association. Bumblebees vs. Honeybees: What’s the difference and Why does it matter? (2019). https://www.thesca.org/connect/blog/bumblebees-vs-honeybees-what%E2%80%99s-difference-and-why-does-it-matter Accessed 23 November 2020.

3. Bumblebee.org. Bumblebee hair. (2020). https://www.bumblebee.org/bodyHair.htm Accessed 23 November 2020.

4. Gee, G., Clarke, C., & Summers, M. (2020). Alberta Hymenoptera: Visual Guide to Common Families.

5. Canada Agriculture and Food Museum. Pollination. (2020). https://bees.techno-science.ca/english/bees/pollination/default.php Accessed 23 November 2020.

6. Valleho-Marín, M. (2018). Buzz pollination: Studying bee vibrations on flowers. New Phytologist, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15666.

7. Clemenson.edu. Bumble bees as pollinators. (2020). https://www.clemson.edu/extension/beekeepers/fact-sheets-publications/bumble-bee-pollinator.html Accessed 23 November 2020.

8. The Way of the Waggle Dance. Introduction. (ND). https://askabiologist.asu.edu/bee-dance-game/introduction.htmlAccessed 23 November 2020.

9. Beehive Hero. How do bees communicate?. (2020). https://beehivehero.com/how-do-bees-communicate/. Accessed 23 November 2020.

10. Fürst, M.A., McMahon, D.P., Osborne, J.L., Paxton, R.J., & Brown, M.J.F. (2014). Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators. Nature, 506(7488), 364-366. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12977

11. Forup, M.L., & Memmott, J. (2005). The relationship between the abundance of bumblebees and honeybees in a native habitat. Ecological Entomology, 30(1), 47-57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229996051_The_relationship_between_the_abundance_of_bumblebees_and_honeybees_in_a_native_habitat

12. Nichols Applied Management Inc. Economic Benefits of Honeybees in Alberta. (2019). Management & Economic Consultants. 1-15. https://www.albertabeekeepers.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Economic-Benefits-of-Honey-Bees-in-AB_Final.pdf/ Accessed 23 November 2020.

13. Government of Canada. Statistical Overview of the Canada Honey and Bee Industry and the economic contribution of Honeybee Pollination. (2016). https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/horticulture/horticulture-sector-reports/statistical-overview-of-the-canadian-honey-and-bee-industry-and-the-economic-contribution-of-honey-bee-pollination-2016/?id=1510864970935

14. Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Native Bee pollination of Cherry Tomatoes. n.d. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/12-044_01_XercesSoc_NativeBeePollination_Cherry-Tomatoes_web.pdf/ Accessed 23 November 2020.

15. Zuckerman, L. Rusty patched bumblebee proposed for U.S. endangered species status. (2016). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-bumblebee-idUSKCN11R2TI/ Accessed 23 November 2020.

16. Forbes. The value of Pollinators to the ecosystem and our economy. (2019). https://www.forbes.com/sites/bayer/2019/10/14/the-value-of-pollinators-to-the-ecosystem-and-our-economy/?sh=2d7800f17a1d Accessed 23 November 2020.

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An overview of who the Odonata are, with a focus on how they feed and move. Description on how the feeding of Odonata can aid in our communities, as well as the scientific discoveries that have been made by researching Odonata flight.

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Plastic Biodegradation by Wax Moth Larvae

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Plastic Biodegradation by Wax Moth Larvae

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An overview of the importance and process in which wax moths utilize their gut microbiome and other  enzymes to degrade plastic as a primary food source. The concern of plastic pollution is put to light and  the studying of wax moths and other insects, such as, darkling beetles is proposed to help with plastic  pollution.

References (at minimum one primary article or book chapter):

[1] Deloitte. (2019). Economic study of the Canadian plastic industry, markets and waste (p. 6).  [2] Science of Plastics. (2020). https://www.sciencehistory.org/science-of-plastics Accessed 20 November  2020.

[3] Parker, L. (2020). The world's plastic pollution crisis explained.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/plastic-pollution/ Accessed 20 November  2020.

[4] Bombelli, P., Howe, C., & Bertocchini, F. (2017). Polyethylene bio-degradation by caterpillars of the  wax moth Galleria mellonella. Current Biology, 27(8), R292-R293. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060  [5] Rolff, J., Johnston, P., & Reynolds, S. (2019). Complete metamorphosis of insects. Philosophical  Transactions Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1783), 20190063. doi:  10.1098/rstb.2019.0063

[6] Kong, H., Kim, H., Chung, J., Jun, J., Lee, S., & Kim, H. et al. (2019). The Galleria mellonella Hologenome  Supports Microbiota-Independent Metabolism of Long-Chain Hydrocarbon Beeswax. Cell Reports, 26(9),  2451-2464.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.018

[7] Cassone, B., Grove, H., Elebute, O., Villanueva, S., & LeMoine, C. (2020). Role of the intestinal  microbiome in low-density polyethylene degradation by caterpillar larvae of the greater wax moth,  Galleria mellonella. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287(1922), 20200112. doi:  10.1098/rspb.2020.0112

[8] Plastivores: Remarkable waxworms devour plastic waste in BU study. (2020).  https://www.brandonu.ca/news/2020/03/04/plastivores-remarkable-waxworms-devour-plastic-waste-in bu-study/ Accessed 20 November 2020.

[9] Yang, S., & Wu, W. (2020). Biodegradation of Plastics in Tenebrio Genus (Mealworms). The Handbook  Of Environmental Chemistry, 385-422. doi: 10.1007/698_2020_457

[10]

Plastic and Human Health: A Lifecycle Approach to Plastic Pollution | Center for International  Environmental Law. (2020). https://www.ciel.org/project-update/plastic-and-human-health-a-lifecycle-approach-to-plastic

pollution/#:~:text=Microplastics%20entering%20the%20human%20body,outcomes%20including%20canc er%2C%20cardiovascular%20diseases%2C Accessed 20 November 2020.

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Determination of Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) using insects

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Determination of Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) using insects

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Description (a few sentences that would describe the work, for example if posted online):

Forensic entomology is a young, highly diverse, up-and-coming field of entomology. It has several key  uses in the world of crime scene investigations. This infographic is designed to give an individual, with  little knowledge on the subject matter, a brief overview on one aspect of forensic entomology. It goes  over some of the basic questions that would be asked such as what the concept or field is about, how it

works, why it is relevant, some species that are involved, and an overall timeline. The idea is that after  reading this, an individual will be able to share a brief explanation of this exciting field to another person.

References

[1]: Nelson, L.A., Wallman, J.F., Downton, M.. [2008]. Identification of forensically important Chrysomia  (Diptera: Calliforidae) species using the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). Forensic Sci  Int., 177, 238-247. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.009

[2]: Anderson., G. FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY: THE USE OF INSECTS IN DEATH INVESTIGATIONS.  (2003). https://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/forensicentomology.htm. Date Accessed: November 16th 2020.

[3]: Joseph, I., Matthew, D.G., Sathyan, P., Vargheese, G. (2011). The use of insects in forensic  investigations: An overview of the scope of forensic entomology. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences. Volume 3, 89-91. DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.92154

[4]: Abajue, M.C., Nwosu, L.C., Ileke, K.D. (2020). Implications of global changing climate on forensic  insects in the tropics: A review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. Volume 8. 1713-1719.

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When it comes to saving the bees, many of us have the right intensions, but what we don’t  often hear about is what types of bees need the saving. In the past couple of years, this  movement to raise awareness about the endangerment of bees has become popularized, and  rightly so, however for the wrong kinds of bees. There are over 20,000 species of bees found  around the world (5)! Not all of them are in danger, and the ones that are troubled have little  information about them known to the general public. When speaking about bees, it is best to  divide them into two groups, honeybees and native bees (4). There are many myths about the  roles that honeybees play versus the roles of native bees. In my infographic, The Buzz About  Saving the Bees, I expand and illustrate the differences between these two types of bees, and  also speak about which bees in Alberta requires our immediate attention. We have heard about the negative effects of climate change, habitat loss, and pesticides on bee populations, but let’s  magnify this conversation and raise awareness about why some species of bees in Alberta are  declining (5).

1. Tepedino, V. J. (1979). The importance of bees and other pollinators in maintaining  floral species composition. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 3, 139-150.

2. Canadian Agriculture and Food Museum. Pollination: Which foods depend on bees?  (2020). https://bees.techno-science.ca/english/bees/pollination/food-depends-on bees.php Accessed 16 November 2020.

3. Thorp, R. (1979). Structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of bees (Apoidea) for  collecting pollen. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 66, 788-812.

doi:10.2307/2398919

4. Garden Myths. Honey bees vs Native bees. (2017).

https://www.gardenmyths.com/honey-bees-native-bees/ Accessed 20 November 2020. 5. Alberta Wilderness Association. The buzz about native bees. (2020).  https://albertawilderness.ca/the-buzz-about-native-bees/ Accessed 20 November 2020. 6. Alberta Wildfire. For the love of wild bees. (2018).

https://blog.wildfire.alberta.ca/2018/08/31/for-the-love-of-wild-bees/ Accessed 20  November 2020.

7. Edmonton and Area Land Trust. Create a nature friendly space: 6 pollinator and nature  friendly gardening tips. (2019). https://www.ealt.ca/blog/create-a-nature-friendly space-6-pollinator-and-nature-friendly-gardening-tips Accessed 16 November 2020.

8. St. Albert Today. Native bees need help. (2017). https://www.stalberttoday.ca/local news/native-bees-need-help-1295241 Accessed 20 November 2020.

9. Food Connections. How to help bees and other pollinators. (2018).  https://foodconnections.ca/uploads/files/redactor/2018-08-09-11-56-05_How%20to %20Help%20Bees%20and%20other%20Pollinators.pdf Accessed 20 November 2020.

10. Noble Research Institute. 11 things people believe about bees that aren't true. (2017).  https://www.noble.org/news/publications/ag-news-and-views/2017/march/11-myths about-bees/#:~:text=Myth%20%231%3A%20All%20bees%20sting.&text=The%20stinger %2C%20or%20sting%2C%20is,are%20provoked%20or%20feel%20threatened Accessed  20 November 2020.

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This infographic highlights the importance bees have on our nutrition, food supply,  and ecosystems. It talks about why bees are declining and outlines a few simple  things that everybody can do to help save the bees.

References

1) Rosner, H. (2013). Return of the natives: How wild bees will save our agricultural  system. Scientific American, 309 (3), 70-75.

2) McAfee, A. (2020). The problem with honey bees. Scientific American, 323 (5),  online.

3) New York Bee Sanctuary. 10 ways you can help save the bees. (2016).  http://www.newyorkbeesanctuary.org/blog/2016/3/3/10-ways-you-can-help-save the-bees/ Accessed 11 November 20

4) Greenpeace. Save the bees. (2014).

https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/sustainable-agriculture/save-the-bees/ Accessed  11 November 20

5) Slow Food. #Beefriend: 10 Small things you can do to save the bees. (2020).  https://www.slowfood.com/beefriend-10-small-things-you-can-do-to-save-the-bees/ Accessed 11 November 20

6) Henry, M., & Rodet, G. (2018). Controlling the impact of the managed honeybee  on wild bees in protected areas. Scientific Reports, 8 (9308), 1-10.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27591-y

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This infographic aims to raise awareness about the different types of pollinators in Alberta and the threats they face. We discuss the different categories assigned to threatened species, how we can help maintain pollinator populations, and why this is important.

References (at minimum one primary article or book chapter):

1. Nature Conservancy Canada. Beetles: Nature’s mess and soil pollinators. (2015). https://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/blog/archive/beetles-natures-mess-and.html#.X7XiQuWSk2 w Accessed 18 November 2020.

2. U.S. Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Beetle Pollination. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/animals/beetles.shtml Accessed 18 November 2020. 3. Canadian Wildlife Federation. Checkered Beetle.

https://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/insects/checkered-beetle.html Accessed 18 November 2020.

4. The Manitoba Museum. Prairie Pollination. Ants.

https://www.prairiepollination.ca/pollinisateur-pollinator/fourmis-ants/ Accessed 21 November 2020.

5. Canadian Wildlife Federation. Silvery blue butterfly.

https://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/insects/silvery-blue-butterfly.html Accessed 21 November 2020.

6. Pires, C., Maués, M. (2020). Insect pollinators, major threats and mitigation measures. Neotropical Entomology, 49, 469-471. https://doi.org/10/1007/s13744-020-00805-7

7. U.S. Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Bee Pollination. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/animals/bees.shtml#:~:text=Bees%20are%20the%20c hampion%20pollinators!&text=These%20flower%2Dseeking%20pollen%20magnets,for%20themselv es%20and%20their%20young. Accessed 21 November 2020.

8. Bumblebee Conservation Trust. What makes bumblebees such good pollinators?. https://www.bumblebeeconservation.org/bee-faqs/buzz-pollination/ Accessed 21 November 2020. 9. Hatfield, R., Jepsen, S., Thorp, R., Richardson, L., Colla, S. (2015). Bombus terricola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T44937505A46440206.

https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T44937505A46440206.en. 10. Government of Canada. Yellow-banded bumble bee (Bombus terricola). (2019). https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/1288-939 Accessed 21 November 2020. 11. Government of Canada. Species at risk public registry. (2019).

https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species?ranges=2&taxonomyId=8&sortBy=comm onNameSort&sortDirection=asc&pageSize=10 Accessed 21 November 2020. 12. Seeds of Diversity. Pollinator profiles: butterflies and moths.

http://seeds.ca/sw8/web/pollination/pollinator-profiles/butterflies-and-moths#:~:text=Butterfly%20 Pollination,considered%20to%20be%20major%20pollinators. Accessed 21 November 2020. 13. U.S. Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Butterfly Pollination. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/animals/butterflies.shtml Accessed 21 November 2020.

14. Wildlife Preservation Canada. Importance of butterflies. (2016).

https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/animals/butterflies.shtml Accessed 21 November 2020.

15. Tenger-Trolander, A., Lu, W., Noyes, M., Kronforst, R. (2019). Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 14671-14676. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904690116.

16. Government of Canada. Monarch (Danaus plexippus). (2019).

https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/294-90#cosewic_assessments Accessed 21 November 2020.

17. Government of Canada. Yucca moth (Tegeticula yuccasella). (2019).

https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/715-95 Accessed 21 November 2020. 18. Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2017). Amended Recovery Strategy for the Soapweed (Yucca glauca) and Yucca Moth (Tegeticula yuccasella) and Recovery Strategy for the Non-pollinating Yucca Moth (Tegeticula corruptrix) and the Five-spotted Bogus Yucca Moth (Prodoxus quinquepunctellus) in Canada. Species at

Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series (pp. 9-10 ). Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. 19. Pollinator Partnership. Pollinators need you. You need pollinators.

https://www.pollinator.org/pollinators Accessed 21 November 2020.

20. Canadian Wildlife Federation. Explore our pollinators.

https://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/explore-our-pollinators.html Accessed 21 November 2020.

21. Scientific American. As insect populations decline, scientists are trying to understand why. (2018).

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-insect-populations-decline-scientists-are-trying-to-un derstand-why/ Accessed 21 November 2020.

22. Dublin, H. (2019). IUCN red list of threatened species. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/IUCN-Red-List-of-Threatened-Species.

23. Owens, B. (2018). Most insect studies lack crucial species information. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01541-0.

24. Canadian Wildlife Federation. Perpetuating Pollinators.

https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/pollinators/?src=ESB Accessed 20 November 2020. 25. National Wildlife Federation. Habitat Loss.

https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Habitat-Loss Accessed 20 November 2020.

26. Ellwood, W. (2009). One-third of our food depends on pollination by bees… CCPA Monitor, 16, 8-10.

http://ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/docview /215630071?accountid=9838.

27. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Pollinators. (2020).

https://www.fws.gov/pollinators/pollinatorpages/threats.html Accessed 21 November 2020. 28. Wilkinson, L., Lemay, A., Eeglon, B., Steiger, C., Gutsell, R., Cotterill, S., Prescott, D., Downey, B., Earle, J., Kemper, C., Clayton, T., Sharp, N., Mckenzie, H. (2014). Species at risk Alberta: a guide to endangered and threatened species, and species of special concern in Alberta (pp 4). Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development.

29. Aizen, M., Garibaldi, L., Cunningham, S., Klein, A. (2009). How much does agriculture depend on pollinators? Lesson from long-term trends in crop production. Annals of Botany, 103, 1579-1588. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp076.

30. Ollerton, J. (2017). Pollinator diversity: distribution, ecological function, and conservation. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 48, 353-376.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919.

31. Conservation de la Faune au Canada. Native Pollinator Program.

https://wildlifepreservation.ca/fr/native-pollinators/ Accessed 21 November 2020. 32. The Old Farmer’s Almanac. Bee House for Native Solitary Bees. (2020).

https://www.almanac.com/content/bee-houses-solitary-bees#:~:text=Bee%20houses%20consist%2 0of%20a,of%20the%20best%20pollinators%20around Accessed 21 November 2020.

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Infographic on the dangers of hidden pesticides in plants sold by large scale  retail nurseries and advice on maximising pollinator and insect diversity for  gardeners. Some general advice on how native plants are more effective and having the highest diversity is the most successful key in creating a successful garden, as  well as providing alternatives to synthetic pesticides.

References: [1] Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M.,  Downs, C., … Wiemers, M. (2015). Systemic insecticides (Neonicotinoids and fipronil):  Trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution  Research, 22(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y [2] Whitehorn, P. R., O’Connor, S., Wackers, F. L., & Goulson, D. (2012). Neonicotinoid  Pesticide Reduces Bumble Bee Colony Growth and Queen Production. Science, 336(6079),  351–352. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41584708 [3] Lentola, A., David, A., Abdul-Sada, A., Tapparo, A., Goulson, D., & Hill, E. M. (2017).  Ornamental plants on sale to the public are a significant source of pesticide residues with  implications for the health of pollinating insects. Environmental Pollution, 228, 297–304.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.084 [4] Majewska, A. A., & Altizer, S. (2020). Planting gardens to support insect pollinators.  Conservation Biology, 34(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13271 [5] Botías, C., David, A., Hill, E. M., & Goulson, D. (2016). Contamination of wild plants near  neonicotinoid seed-treated crops, and implications for non-target insects. Science of the  Total Environment, 566–567, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.065 [6] Samson-Robert, O., Labrie, G., Chagnon, Description: An InM., & Fournier, V. (2014). Neonicotinoid contaminated puddles of water represent a risk of intoxication for honey bees. PLoS ONE,  9(12), e108443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108443 [7] Krischik, V., Rogers, M., Gupta, G., & Varshney, A. (2015). Soil-applied imidacloprid  translocates to ornamental flowers and reduces survival of adult coleomegilla maculata,  harmonia axyridis, and hippodamia convergens lady beetles, and larval danaus plexippus  and vanessa cardui butterflies. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0119133.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119133 [8] Elbert, A., & Nauen, R. (2000). Resistance of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to  insecticides in southern Spain with special reference to neonicotinoids. Pest Management Science, 56(1), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1526-4998(200001)56:1<60::AID PS88>3.0.CO;2-K [9] Pappas, M. L., Migkou, F., & Broufas, G. D. (2013). Incidence of resistance to  neonicotinoid insecticides in greenhouse populations of the whitefly, Trialeurodes  vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Greece. Applied Entomology and Zoology,  48(3), 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-013-0197-z All images created with Piktochart

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An infographic detailing the effects of increasing pine beetle infestations in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (specifically in Alberta). It provides insight into these insects, their lifestyle, spread and effect on both the natural and anthropogenic worlds.

American Forests. (2020). Beetle vs Bear. Retrieved from: https://www.americanforests.org/blog/beetle-vs-bear/

Bearup, L.A., Maxwell, R.M., Clow, D.W., & McCray, J.E. (2014). Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds. Nature Climate Change, 4 (N/A0: 481-486. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2198

CTV News. (2020) Alberta’s fight against mountain pine beetle receives more resources. Retrieved from: https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/alberta-s-fight-against-mountain-pine-beetle-receives-more-resources-1.5138341

Edmonton Journal. (2020). Ottawa gives $68.4-million boost to fight against Alberta's mountain pine beetle infestation. Retrieved from: https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/feds-give-68-4-million-boost-to-fight-against-albertas-mountain-pine-beetle-infestation#:~:text=This%20summer%2C%20147%2C000%20trees%20had,year%20after%20they%20are%20attacked.

Government of Alberta. (2020). Mountain pine beetles- Maps. Retrieved from https://www.alberta.ca/mountain-pine-beetle-maps.aspx

Government of Canada. (2020). Mountain pine beetle. Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/top-forest-insects-diseases-cana/mountain-pine-beetle/13381

Griffin, J.M, Turner, M.G. & Simard, M. (2011). Nitrogen cycling following mountain pine beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine forests of Greater Yellowstone. Forest Ecology and Management, 261 (6): 1077-1089. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112710007346?casa_token=Y3WTU0oVKvEAAAAA:YgI4P9Fzocew2e460C9s5mtuMhSUbut4yTl9UVr-NE0NUG9pFnFH72l3Z6pwakNG9oVp_oYoNA

Ivan, J.S., Seglund, A.E., Triex, R.L. & Newkirk, E.S. (2018) Mammalian responses to changed forest conditions resulting from bark beetle outbreaks in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ecosphere,  9 (8): N/A. Retrieved from: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.2369

Mitchell, R.G. & Preisler, H.G.  (1998). Fall Rate of Lodgepole Pine Killed by the Mountain Pine Beetle in Central Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 13 (1), 23-26. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article/13/1/23/4741141

Morris, J.L., Cottrell, S., Fettig, C.J., Hansen, W.D., Sherrif, R.L., Carter, V.A. & Clear, J.L. (2016). Managing bark beetle impacts on ecosystems and society: priority questions to motivate future research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54 (3): 750-750. Retrieved from: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.12782

Park’s Canada. (2017). A beetle’s life. Retrieved from https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/docs/v-g/dpp-mpb/sec2

Parks Canada. (2020). Minister of Environment and Climate Change highlights action to stop the spread of mountain pine beetle in Rocky Mountain National Parks. Retrieved from: https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/minister-of-environment-and-climate-change-highlights-action-to-stop-the-spread-of-mountain-pine-beetle-in-rocky-mountain-national-parks-858379181.html

Price, J.I., McCollum, D. & Berrens, R. (2010). Insect infestation and residential property values: A hedonic analysis of the mountain pine beetle epidemic. Forest Policy and Economics, 12 (6): 415-422. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222710023_Insect_infestation_and_residential_property_values_A_hedonic_analysis_of_the_mountain_pine_beetle_epidemic

Pureswaran, D.S., Gries, R., Borden, J.H & Pierce Jr., H.D. (2000) Dynamics of pheromone production and communication in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Chemoecology. 10 (1): 153-168. Retrieved from https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/PL00001818.pdf&casa_token=6pSuujwYnE0AAAAA:bdL_KLd-zGm9wu4NEsBvvJ3B4Bhw7Zxx7L5fl1RVT62AfB7dD82_KTcjZyF2Cq6ErOCnZ3uarkFxHz08

Saab, V.A., Quresh, S.L., Rowland, M.M., Johnson, T.N., Chaldoun, A.D., Buskirk, S.W., Heyward, J.E. & Dresser, M.A. (2014). Ecological Consequences of Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks for Wildlife in Western North American Forests. Forest ecology, 13 (22): 1-21. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/wildlife-terrestrial/docs/birds-burns/ecological-consequences.pdf

Safranyik, L.; Shrimpton, D.M.; Whitney, H.S. (1975). An interpretation of the interaction between lodgepole pine, the mountain pine beetle, and its associated blue stain fungi in western Canada. in D.M. Baumgartner, editor. Management of Lodgepole Pine Ecosystems Symposium Proceedings, October 9- 11, 1973, Pullman, Washington, USA. Washington State University Coop. Extension Service, Pullman, WA. Pages 406-428. Retrieved from: https://popecol.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2016/03/Safranyik_Shrimpton_Whitney_1975.pdf

Schoennagel, T., Veblen, T.T., Negron, J.F. & Smith, J.M. (2012). Effects of Mountain Pine Beetle on Fuels and Expected Fire Behavior in Lodgepole Pine Forests, Colorado, USA. Plos One, 7 (1): 1-14. Retrieved from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0030002&type=printable