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Teachers typically define career satisfaction in terms of their ability to be of service to others and make a difference in the lives of their students (McLaughlin & Lee, 1988). Similarly, the leadership considerations of teachers are grounded in their desire to improve the quality of teaching and learning for all students. Studies have shown that teachers do not subscribe to traditional definitions of leadership as "higher" or "superior" positions within the organizational hierarchy (Devaney, 1987). Instead, teachers view leadership as a collaborative effort, a "banding together" with other teachers to promote professional development and growth and the improvement of educational services (Troen & Boles, 1992).

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A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform

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A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform

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"Our Nation is at risk. Our once unchallenged preeminence in commerce, industry, science, and technological innovation is being overtaken by competitors throughout the world... the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threaten our very future as a Nation and a people." (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983)

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Education for all Handicapped Children Act/ The Mainstreaming Law

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Education for all Handicapped Children Act/ The Mainstreaming Law

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Passed by congress in 1975, extends the educational services available to children with disabilities. Details due process procedures to ensure they receive a free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. Also allows parental involvement in the decisions about their child's education

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The 1970's: Accountability and Equal Opportunity

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The 1970's: Accountability and Equal Opportunity

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Adding to the lack of confidence in schools and teachers, were the declining test scores and enrollment. The public believed children were not learning the most basic skills, how to read, write, and compute.

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The 1960's: The War on Poverty and The Great Society

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The 1960's: The War on Poverty and The Great Society

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With confidence in teachers at a low point, Parents and Policy makers demanded more accountability. Including more evaluation paperwork, less instructional flexibility, and more pre-packaged curriculum that was deemed "teacher-Proof"

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United States Public Law 88-452, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. These agencies are directly regulated by the federal government. "It is the purpose of The Economic Opportunity Act to strengthen, supplement, and coordinate efforts in furtherance of that policy".
-Eliminate poverty
-Expand educational opportunities
-Increase the safety net for the poor and unemployed
-Tend to health and financial needs of the elderly

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The Head Start Program is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. The transition from preschool to elementary school imposes diverse developmental challenges that include requiring the children to engage successfully with their peers outside of the family network, adjust to the space of a classroom, and meet the expectations the school setting provides.

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Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education. Historically, reforms have taken different forms because the motivations of reformers have differed. However, since the 1980s, education reform has been focused on changing the existing system from one focused on inputs to one focused on outputs (i.e., student achievement). In the United States, education reform acknowledges and encourages public education as the primary source of K-12 education for American youth. Education reformers desire to make public education into a market (in the form of an input-output system), where accountability creates high-stakes from curriculum standards tied to standardized tests.

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Part of the Education Amendment Act 1975 " No person in the United States, shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under and education program or activity receiving Federal Financial Assistance

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The Supreme Court ruled to immediately end segregation.

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"Separate but Equal" no longer was accepted in schools. Blacks and whites would no longer attend different schools. The schools would be interracial. No more segregation.

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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress. The act is an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education. It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability. In addition, the bill aims to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing each child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. As mandated in the act, the funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, for resources to support educational programs, and for parental involvement promotion. The act was originally authorized through 1965; however, the government has reauthorized the act every five years since its enactment. The reauthorization of ESEA by President George W. Bush was known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The ESEA also allows military recruiters access to 11th and 12th grade students' names, addresses, and telephone listings when requested.

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The United States office of education sponsored research for math, science, foreign language, and guidance. Due to this research a new science, math, and foreign language programs were developed. Teachers received more training. The schools received more funds for new equipment. This money also went to developing better reading, English, and history programs.

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The 1950's : Defense Education and school Desegration 

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The 1950's : Defense Education and school Desegration 