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Congress of Racial Equality= congresso di uguaglianza razziale
Freedom riders= viaggiatori per la libertà

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Martin Luther King morì il 4 Aprile del 1968, mentre era con altri leader sulla terrazza dell' Hotel Lorraine.

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Gli furono dedicate molte canzoni in onore della sua lotta per i diritti umani, tra cui una delle più famose "Pride" degli U2.

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U2 - Pride (In the Name of Love)  - Testo Tradotto - ITA

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Sempre nell'ottica della lotta per i diritti civili nella città di Selma, King e la SCLC, cercarono di organizzare una marcia da Selma a Montgomery, capitale dello stato dell'Alabama

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La tomba nella Reflecting Pool, il luogo dove giace MLK dal 1977. Dal 2006 vi si trova sepolta anche la moglie Coretta.

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Il 10 dicembre 1964 King a Olso ottenne il premio; all'epoca trentacinquenne, era il più giovane nella storia del Nobel.

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La festa nazionale per commemorare King si celebra in terzo lunedì di Gennaio, un giorno vicino alla sua nascita.

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E' una legge degli Stati Uniti che dichiarò illegali le disparità di registrazione nelle elezioni e le segregazione razziale nelle scuole, sul posto di lavoro e nelle strutture pubbliche in generale ("public accommodations").

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E' stata una legge che ha permesso ai cittadini neri degli USA, di poter votare alle elezioni che si svolgevano nel paese.

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Effetti di un attentato nei pressi del Gaston Motel dove Martin Luther King, e i leader del movimento SCLC alloggiavano durante la manifestazione di Birmingham per i diritti civili, 14 maggio 1963.

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Nel novembre del 1961 ad Albany in Georgia, si formò un movimento di lotta anti-segregazionista, entro il quale a dicembre si inserì anche il movimento di lotta non-violenta di King e della SCLC. Il movimento mobilita centinaia di cittadini e la campagna riesce a suscitare, attraverso tecniche di non violenza, l'attenzione della cittadinanza e dell'opinione pubblica statunitense e mondiale.

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Le leggi Jim Crow furono delle leggi locali e dei singoli stati degli Stati Uniti d'America emanate tra il 1876 e il 1965.

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IL 20 settembre del 1958 Martin Luther King firmò le copie del suo libro "Marcia verso la Libertà".

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (congresso dei leader cristiani degli stati del Sud)

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La scintilla che dà inizio al Movimento per i Diritti Civili scocca a Montgomery, apparentemente per un banale incidente.Il pomeriggio del 10 dicembre 1955 un'impiegata nera, Rosa Parks, seduta dietro i posti riservati ai bianchi, rifiuta di alzarsi e cedere il posto quando salgono alcuni viaggiatori bianchi: viene arrestata

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«Lavorare dall'alba al tramonto per un anno intero incatenato alla terra dai conti da pagare al magazzino della piantagione, scacciare questi pensieri con cattivo gin, dimenticare nell'estasi del canto e della preghiera... piangere, maledire se stesso per la propria viltà, essere lo zimbello dei giudici e dei poliziotti, finire col credere alla propria indegnità... e infine cedere, inchinarsi, strisciare, sorridere e odiare se stesso per il proprio servilismo e la propria debolezza».

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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"We were told in some of the mass meetings that the day would come when we could really do something about all of these inequities that we were experiencing. And we were calling it D-Day. That was May 2, 1963," remembers Janice Kelsey. Kelsey was one of the thousands of young people who participated in a series of non-violent demonstrations known as the Children's Crusade in Birmingham, Alabama, during the first week of May 1963.

For many African American children in Birmingham, the civil rights movement was already part of their lives. They had witnessed their parents' involvement through mass meetings organized at churches like the 16th Street Baptist Church. While many parents and civil rights leaders were cautious about involving young people in the protests, it turned out that the brave actions of these children helped make lasting change in Birmingham at a key turning point in the movement.

The goal of the crusade was to use tactics of non-violence

Early in 1963, civil rights leaders in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and other civil rights groups developed a plan to desegregate Birmingham, a city notorious for its discriminatory practices in employment and public life. Segregation persisted throughout the city and blacks were only allowed to go to many places like the fairgrounds on "colored days."

The goal of the plan was to use tactics of non-violent protest to provoke Birmingham civic and business leaders to agree to desegregate. The demonstrations started in April 1963 as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Reverend Ralph Abernathy and local leader Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth led thousands of African American protestors in Birmingham.

The first phase of the campaign resulted in many arrests, including King who penned his powerful "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" on April 16. A circuit court judge had issued an injunction against protest, picketing, demonstrating and boycotting, providing the legal grounds for mass arrests.

Photo: Getty Images

They were not met with a peaceful response and hundreds of children were harmed and arrested

As the campaign continued that month, SCLC leader James Bevel started to enact plans for a "Children's Crusade" that he and other leaders believed might help turn the tide in Birmingham. Thousands of children were trained in the tactics of non-violence, and on May 2, they left the 16th Street Baptist Church in groups, heading throughout the city to protest segregation peacefully. One of their goals was to talk to the mayor of Birmingham about segregation in their city - they were not met with a peaceful response. On the first day of the protest, hundreds of children were arrested. By the second day, Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor ordered police to spray the children with powerful water hoses, hit them with batons and threaten them with police dogs.

Despite this harsh treatment, children continued to participate in the demonstrations over the next few days. Footage and photographs of the violent crackdown in Birmingham circulated throughout the nation and the world, causing an outcry. Businesses in downtown Birmingham were feeling the pressure. On May 5, protestors marched to the city jail where many of the young people were still being held. They sang protest songs and continued their tactics of non-violent demonstration. Finally, local officials agreed to meet with civil rights leaders and hash out a plan to end the protests. On May 10, an agreement had been reached. City leaders agreed to desegregate business and free all who had been jailed during the demonstrations.

Weeks later, the Birmingham board of education announced that all students who had been involved in the Children's Crusade would be expelled. This decision was ultimately overturned by the court of appeals.

Despite a setback later in the year, the crusade carried on

The Children's Crusade marked a significant victory in Birmingham. The city was in the world spotlight, and local officials knew that they could no longer ignore the civil rights movement. Yet the struggle for equality in Birmingham continued. Later that year, in September 1963, four little girls were killed by bombs planted by white supremacists at the 16th St. Baptist Church, and over 20 more were injured.

The horrific bombings sent shock waves through the nation. Despite this violent reaction to the movement for equality and justice, everyday people in Birmingham continued their efforts. And thousands of children, some of them as young as seven or eight years old, had kept the momentum of the struggle going in its most pivotal hour.

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The Birmingham Children's Crusade of 1963

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"We were told in some of the mass meetings that the day would come when we could really do something about all of these inequities that we were experiencing. And we were calling it D-Day. That was May 2, 1963," remembers Janice Kelsey.

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Martin Luther, il discorso che cambiò le coscienze dell'America

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Martin Luther King nasce dopo un parto difficile ad Atlanta, Georgia, nel Sud degli Stati Uniti, il 15 Gennaio del 1929.Suo padre era un predicatore della chiesa battista, mentre sua madre era una maestra.

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Queste parole furono pronunciate da Martin Luther King a Washington, il 28 Agosto 1963.